Sarah Burkholder1, Stephanie Jilcott Pitts2, Qiang Wu3, Jocelyn Bayles1, Richard Baybutt1, Virginia C Stage4. 1. Department of Nutrition Science, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. 2. Department of Public Health, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. 3. Department of Biostatistics, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. 4. Department of Nutrition Science, College of Allied Health Sciences, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC. Electronic address: carrawaystagev@ecu.edu.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Examine differences in skin carotenoid status (SCS) based on time, age, and sex of preschool-aged children enrolled in Head Start (HS) in North Carolina. DESIGN: Data were collected using surveys from participating families. preschool-aged children's SCS were measured 3 times over a 6-month period. SETTING: Three HS centers in North Carolina. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twelve children aged 3-5 years, enrolled in HS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Differences in SCS assessed using the Veggie Meter (Longevity Link, Salt Lake City, UT) based on time, sex, and age. ANALYSIS: One-way ANOVA to assess SCS at time 1 between sex and age (n = 112). Repeated measures ANOVA with a Greenhouse-Geisser correction for assessment of SCS over time (n = 45) using Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: On average, children were aged 4 years, African American (81.3%), male (57%), and had a mean SCS of 266 (SD = 82.9). Skin carotenoid status (Veggie Meter units) were significantly different over time (P < 0.001). Significant differences were observed between ages (P = 0.01) and sex (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The Veggie Meter is a promising tool to assess fruit and vegetable intake but needs to be validated in preschool-aged children as it has been in adults. Sex and age are potential confounders which should be assessed in future studies using the Veggie Meter.
OBJECTIVE: Examine differences in skin carotenoid status (SCS) based on time, age, and sex of preschool-aged children enrolled in Head Start (HS) in North Carolina. DESIGN: Data were collected using surveys from participating families. preschool-aged children's SCS were measured 3 times over a 6-month period. SETTING: Three HS centers in North Carolina. PARTICIPANTS: One hundred twelve children aged 3-5 years, enrolled in HS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Differences in SCS assessed using the Veggie Meter (Longevity Link, Salt Lake City, UT) based on time, sex, and age. ANALYSIS: One-way ANOVA to assess SCS at time 1 between sex and age (n = 112). Repeated measures ANOVA with a Greenhouse-Geisser correction for assessment of SCS over time (n = 45) using Bonferroni correction. RESULTS: On average, children were aged 4 years, African American (81.3%), male (57%), and had a mean SCS of 266 (SD = 82.9). Skin carotenoid status (Veggie Meter units) were significantly different over time (P < 0.001). Significant differences were observed between ages (P = 0.01) and sex (P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: The Veggie Meter is a promising tool to assess fruit and vegetable intake but needs to be validated in preschool-aged children as it has been in adults. Sex and age are potential confounders which should be assessed in future studies using the Veggie Meter.
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