Guoxing Li1,2, Jing Huang2, Jinwei Wang3,4,5, Minghui Zhao3,4,5, Yang Liu6, Xinbiao Guo2, Shaowei Wu7,8, Luxia Zhang1,4,9,10. 1. Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China zhanglx@bjmu.edu.cn shaowei_wu@bjmu.edu.cn. 2. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China. 3. Renal Division, Department of Medicine, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, China. 4. Institute of Nephrology, Peking University, Beijing, China. 5. Key Laboratory of Chronic Kidney Disease Prevention and Treatment, Peking University, Ministry of Education of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China. 6. Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia. 7. Department of Occupational and Environmental Health Sciences, Peking University School of Public Health, Beijing, China zhanglx@bjmu.edu.cn shaowei_wu@bjmu.edu.cn. 8. Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Sciences, Peking University, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China. 9. Key Laboratory of Renal Disease, Ministry of Health of the People's Republic of China, Beijing, China. 10. National Institutes of Health Data Science at Peking University, Beijing, China.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important environmental risk factor for cardiopulmonary diseases. However, the association between PM2.5 and risk of CKD remains under-recognized, especially in regions with high levels of PM2.5, such as China. METHODS: To explore the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and CKD prevalence in China, we used data from the China National Survey of CKD, which included a representative sample of 47,204 adults. We estimated annual exposure to PM2.5 before the survey date at each participant's address, using a validated, satellite-based, spatiotemporal model with a 10 km×10 km resolution. Participants with eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or albuminuria were defined as having CKD. We used a logistic regression model to estimate the association and analyzed the influence of potential modifiers. RESULTS: The 2-year mean PM2.5 concentration was 57.4 μg/m3, with a range from 31.3 to 87.5 μg/m3. An increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 was positively associated with CKD prevalence (odds ratio [OR], 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22 to 1.35) and albuminuria (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.47). Effect modification indicated these associations were significantly stronger in urban areas compared with rural areas, in males compared with females, in participants aged <65 years compared with participants aged ≥65 years, and in participants without comorbid diseases compared with those with comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: These findings regarding the relationship between long-term exposure to high ambient PM2.5 levels and CKD in the general Chinese population provide important evidence for policy makers and public health practices to reduce the CKD risk posed by this pollutant.
BACKGROUND: Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is an important environmental risk factor for cardiopulmonary diseases. However, the association between PM2.5 and risk of CKD remains under-recognized, especially in regions with high levels of PM2.5, such as China. METHODS: To explore the association between long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and CKD prevalence in China, we used data from the China National Survey of CKD, which included a representative sample of 47,204 adults. We estimated annual exposure to PM2.5 before the survey date at each participant's address, using a validated, satellite-based, spatiotemporal model with a 10 km×10 km resolution. Participants with eGFR <60 ml/min per 1.73 m2 or albuminuria were defined as having CKD. We used a logistic regression model to estimate the association and analyzed the influence of potential modifiers. RESULTS: The 2-year mean PM2.5 concentration was 57.4 μg/m3, with a range from 31.3 to 87.5 μg/m3. An increase of 10 μg/m3 in PM2.5 was positively associated with CKD prevalence (odds ratio [OR], 1.28; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.22 to 1.35) and albuminuria (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.32 to 1.47). Effect modification indicated these associations were significantly stronger in urban areas compared with rural areas, in males compared with females, in participants aged <65 years compared with participants aged ≥65 years, and in participants without comorbid diseases compared with those with comorbidities. CONCLUSIONS: These findings regarding the relationship between long-term exposure to high ambient PM2.5 levels and CKD in the general Chinese population provide important evidence for policy makers and public health practices to reduce the CKD risk posed by this pollutant.
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