Cyclin D1 in Cancer: A Molecular Connection for Cell Cycle Control, Adhesion and Invasion in Tumor and Stroma.

Cyclin D1, an important regulator of cell cycle, carries out a central role in the pathogenesis of cancer determining uncontrolled cellular proliferation. In normal cells, Cyclin D1 expression levels are strictly regulated, conversely, in cancer, its activity is intensified in various manners. Different studies demonstrate that CCDN1 gene is amplified in several tumor types considering it as a negative prognostic marker of this pathology. Cyclin D1 is known for its role in the nucleus, but recent clinical studies associate the amount located in the cytoplasmic membrane with tumor invasion and metastasis. Cyclin D1 has also other functions: it governs the expression of specific miRNAs and it plays a crucial role in the tumor-stroma interactions potentiating most of the cancer hallmarks. In the present review, we will summarize the current scientific evidences that highlight the involvement of Cyclin D1 in the pathogenesis of different types of cancer, best of all in breast cancer. We will also focus on recent insights regarding the Cyclin D1 as molecular bridge between cell cycle control, adhesion, invasion, and tumor/stroma/immune-system interplay in cancer.