Mitral valve repair and surgical ablation for atrial functional mitral regurgitation.

BACKGROUND: This observational study aimed to share our experience in the surgical management of atrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR).
METHODS: We retrospectively identified 82 AFMR patients (63.6±7.7 years) from June 2008 to November 2018 at our institution. Of these patients, 72.0% of them were classified as NYHA functional class III/IV, and all of them had persistent AF. All patients underwent mitral valve (MV) repair, and 52 (63.4%) received concomitant surgical ablation (SA). Patients were followed up for 26.1±27.6 months, and postoperative mitral regurgitation (MR) was assessed by echocardiography.
RESULTS: There was no in-hospital mortality. The overall 1-year and 3-year survival rates were 97.5% and 92.9%, respectively, and 96.1% of patients recovered to NYHA functional class I/II at the latest follow-up. The left atrium (LA) diameter (P<0.001), left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic diameter (P<0.001), LV end-systolic diameter (LVESD) (P<0.001) and pulmonary artery pressure (P=0.006) significantly decreased postoperatively. The overall 1-year and 3-year freedom from recurrent MR rates were 94.3% and 65.3%, respectively, and a significant difference was found between the SA group and the non-SA group (93.8% and 93.8% vs. 95.5% and 44.2%, P=0.035). In a subgroup analysis, this significant difference was only found in the small LA group (≤60 mm).
CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that MV repair for AFMR is safe and effective. It improves heart failure symptoms and results in reverse-remodeling of both the LA and LV. Concomitant SA might benefit patients in terms of recurrent MR, especially in the small LA group (≤60 mm). 2020 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Atrial functional mitral regurgitation (AFMR) refers to atrial fibrillation (AF)-induced functional mitral regurgitation (MR), with structurally normal mitral leaflets (1-4). Patients often present with relatively normal left ventricular (LV) size and function, but with an enlarged left atrium (LA) and mitral annulus. The potential underlying mechanisms of AFMR may be related to an AF-induced enlarged mitral annulus, atriogenic tethering of the posterior mitral leaflet, and insufficient leaflet remodeling (5-8). While this pathology is relatively rare and still poorly described, it is becoming increasingly recognized by cardiologists and cardiac surgeons in recent years.

The optimal treatment algorithm for AFMR remains unclear. Some studies have demonstrated that restoration of sinus rhythm by catheter ablation can mitigate MR (1,9). However, high rate of residual MR at 1-year follow-up have been reported even after the restoration of sinus rhythm (1). Therefore, for AF patients with significant functional MR and progressive heart failure symptoms, catheter ablation may not be sufficient, due to irreversible enlargement of the mitral annulus (10,11). Very few studies have reported on the surgical interventions for AFMR (12). This study aimed to report our clinical experience in the surgical management of AFMR. We present the following article in accordance with the STROBE reporting checklist (available at: http://dx.doi.org/10.21037/atm-20-2958).

Methods

Study population

We retrospectively enrolled AFMR patients at our center from June 2008 to November 2018 with the following inclusion criteria: (I) persistent AF; (II) at least moderate-to-severe central MR; (III) LV ejection fraction (LVEF) >50%; (IV) LV end-diastolic diameter (LVEDD) <60 mm; (V) LV end-systolic diameter (LVESD) <45 mm. All enrolled patients had AF first, then gradually developed moderate-to-severe MR. AF was defined as persistent if typical AF episodes lasted ≥7 days (13). Patients with mitral leaflet prolapse, rheumatic mitral valve (MV) disease, infective endocarditis, coronary artery disease, congenital heart disease, dilated cardiomyopathy, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, or other structural heart valve diseases were excluded. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki (as revised in 2013). The study protocol was approved by the Ethics Committee of Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University. Because of the retrospective nature of the research, the requirement for informed consent was waived.

Surgical technique

All patients underwent a median sternotomy and moderate hypothermic cardiopulmonary bypass. Cardiopulmonary bypass was established via aorto-bicaval cannulation. For surgical ablation (SA), the standard Cox-Maze IV procedure was performed using a Medtronic radiofrequency ablation kit (14-16). The LA appendage was routinely cut and oversewn. The MV was exposed through the inter-atrial groove or atrial septal approach if the tricuspid valve needed intervention. An appropriately sized posterior annuloplasty ring (Cosgrove-Edwards, Edwards Lifesciences) or complete annuloplasty ring (Physio or Physio II, Edwards Lifesciences) was implanted. Subsequently, valve competency was tested by injecting cold saline into the LV across the MV. Concomitant tricuspid annuloplasty was performed if the preoperative tricuspid annulus was larger than 40 mm. Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography was performed in all cases to evaluate valve competency after repair.

Medication management

Anti-arrhythmic drugs were administered to all patients after surgery for at least 3 months unless contraindicated. Amiodarone was the first choice. If patients exhibited sinus rhythm at 3 months after surgery, the use of anti-arrhythmic drugs was discontinued. Warfarin was given to all patients with a target international normalized ratio (INR) of 1.8–2.5 in the first 3 months but was stopped if they reverted to sinus rhythm.

Follow-up

Follow-up included outpatient visits and telephone calls. Overall survival (OS) was defined as the interval between the date of surgery and the date of any-cause death. Patients received transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) during follow-up. The latest follow-up TTEs were used as for the postoperative echocardiographic data.

Statistical analysis

Continuous normally distributed variables were presented as the mean ± standard deviation, whereas non-normally distributed variables were presented as median and first and third quartiles. The assumption of normality was assessed by the Shapiro-Wilk test. Continuous normally distributed variables were compared by using Student’s t-test. Non-normally distributed variables were compared by using the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test. Paired continuous data were compared by using the paired t-test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Categorical variables were presented as a proportion and compared between groups by using the chi-squared test or Fisher’s exact test where appropriate.

The primary outcome was recurrent MR (greater than a mild-to-moderate degree). Survival distributions and freedom from recurrent MR were calculated according to the Kaplan-Meier method and compared by using the Log-Rank test. Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to calculate the hazard ratios (HRs). Also, we used the multivariable model adjusted by propensity score (PS) and the inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) Cox regression model to reduce bias and estimate the exact effect of SA treatment. IPTW was calculated based on PS to create a pseudo-population in which the distribution of measured baseline covariates was independent of treatment (17). The PS model of SA was constructed by using the multivariable logistic regression model, which included age, gender, preoperative NYHA functional class, AF duration, annuloplasty ring type, annuloplasty ring size, previous ablation, and preoperative MR degree.

For all analyses, tests were two-tailed, and P values <0.05 were considered statistically significant. All data were analyzed using the JMP System software (version 14.0, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC, USA) and R software (version 3.5.3, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria).

Results

Patient characteristics

Patient characteristics are summarized in . The mean age of patients was 63.6±7.7 years, which suggested that AFMR patients were typically elderly. The predominant symptom was dyspnea (82.9%) and palpitation (62.2%). At admission, 72.0% of patients presented with NYHA function class III/IV. All patients had persistent AF, and the diagnosis time was 24 (5.8–54.8) months. Three patients (3.7%) had previous catheter ablation therapy. By comparing the preoperative echocardiographic data between the SA group and the non-SA group, we found that the non-SA group tended to larger LAs (51.7±8.3 vs. 58.1±9.0 mm, P=0.003) (). Also, a more significant proportion of severe MR was found in the non-SA group.

Table 1

Patients baseline characteristics

Variables	All (n=82)	SA group (n=52)	Non-SA group (n=30)	P valve
Age (years), mean ± SD	63.6±7.7	62.4±8.1	65.6±6.8	0.061
Male gender, n (%)	40 (48.8)	26 (50.0)	14 (46.7)	0.771
NYHA functional class, mean ± SD	2.8±0.5	2.8±0.5	2.7±0.6	0.680
COPD, n (%)	4 (4.9)	3 (5.8)	1 (3.3)	0.622
Diabetes mellitus, n (%)	6 (7.3)	4 (7.7)	2 (6.7)	0.864
Hypertension, n (%)	27 (32.9)	19 (36.5)	8 (26.7)	0.359
Smoke, n (%)	9 (11.0)	4 (7.7)	5 (16.7)	0.211
Dyspnea, n (%)	68 (82.9)	43 (82.7)	25 (83.3)	0.941
Fatigue, n (%)	19 (23.2)	13 (25.0)	6 (20.0)	0.605
Ankle swelling, n (%)	22 (26.8)	11 (21.2)	11 (36.7)	0.127
Palpitation, n (%)	51 (62.2)	33 (63.5)	18 (60.0)	0.756
AF duration (months)†, median [IQR]	24 [5.8–54.8]	24 [4–36]	33 [6–87]	0.138
Ablation, n (%)	3 (3.7)	1 (1.9)	2 (6.7)	0.270
Heart rate, mean ± SD	84.8±19.9	87.4±21.9	80.3±15.3	0.091
LVEF (%), mean ± SD	61.3±6.7	61.5±7.5	61.0±5.3	0.704
LAD (mm), mean ± SD	54.1±9.0	51.7±8.3	58.1±9.0	0.003
LVEDD (mm), mean ± SD	51.8±5.2	51.4±5.2	52.5±5.2	0.378
LVESD (mm), mean ± SD	34.6±5.0	34.5±5.1	34.9±4.7	0.677
PAP (mm Hg), mean ± SD	42.5±10.1	41.2±8.2	44.7±12.4	0.167
Mitral regurgitation, n (%)				0.003
Moderate to severe	31 (37.8)	26 (50.0)	5 (16.7)
Severe	51 (62.2)	26 (50.0)	25 (83.3)
Tricuspid regurgitation, n (%)				0.033
Trivial	3 (3.7)	3 (5.8)	0 (0)
Mild	13 (15.9)	9 (17.3)	4 (13.3)
Moderate	38 (46.3)	28 (53.8)	10 (33.3)
Severe	28 (34.1)	12 (23.1)	16 (53.3)
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2), mean ± SD	83.7±21.6	83.4±18.7	84.1±26.1	0.901
cTnT (ng/mL), mean ± SD	0.01±0.01	0.01±0.01	0.01±0.01	0.414
BNP (pg/mL)†, median [IQR]	843 [487–1,460]	880 [610–1,364]	722 [461–1,793]	0.627

†, compared by use of the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test. BNP, type B natriuretic peptide; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration; NYHA, New York Heart Association; IQR, interquartile range; SA, surgical ablation; SD, standard deviation; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure.

Surgical treatment and outcomes

shows the surgical data of this cohort. All 82 patients underwent MV repair, and 63.4% received concomitant SA. Consequently, 65.4% of patients had restored sinus rhythm in the SA group, compared to only 10% of patients in the non-SA group (P<0.001). Posterior annuloplasty rings were implanted in 47 (57.3%) patients with a mean size of 30.1±2.0 mm, while complete annuloplasty rings were used in the rest of the patients with a mean size of 29.2±1.8 mm (P=0.027). Additionally, 87.8% of patients underwent concomitant tricuspid annuloplasty. The mean cardiopulmonary bypass time and cross-clamp time in all patients were 110.4±32.8 and 61.2±22.5 minutes, respectively. The concomitant SA increased cardiopulmonary bypass time and cross-clamp time (). Intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography showed that MV repair was satisfactory without significant systolic anterior motion. There were no cases of in-hospital death, cerebrovascular events, deep sternal wound infection, or acute renal impairment necessitating hemofiltration after surgery.

Table 2

Operative details and postoperative outcomes

Variables	All (n=82)	SA group (n=52)	Non-SA group (n=30)	P valve
CPB time (min), mean ± SD	110.4±32.8	120.4±28.8	93.1±32.5	<0.001
Cross-clamp time (min), mean ± SD	61.2±22.5	68.5±18.7	48.0±22.7	<0.001
Mitral annuloplasty ring, n (%)				0.194
Posterior ring	47 (57.3)	27 (51.9)	20 (66.7)
Complete ring	35 (42.7)	25 (48.1)	11 (33.3)
Mitral ring size (mm), mean ± SD	29.7±2.0	29.3±1.8	30.5±2.0	0.007
Tricuspid valve repair, n (%)	72 (87.8)	43 (82.7)	29 (96.7)	0.063
Operative mortality, n (%)	0 (0)	0 (0)	0 (0)	1.000
Ventilation time (hours)†, median [IQR]	12 [12–24]	12 [12–24]	12 [12–24]	0.425
Postoperative sinus rhythm, n (%)	37 (45.1)	34 (65.4)	3 (10.0)	<0.001
Postoperative ICU stay (d)†, median (IQR)	1.0 (1.0–3.0)	1.0 (1.0–3.0)	1.5 (1.0–3.3)	0.802
Postoperative hospital stay (d)†, median (IQR)	8.0 (7.0–9.0)	8.0 (6.0–9.0)	8.0 (7.0–9.0)	0.632

†, compared by use of the nonparametric Wilcoxon rank-sum test. CPB, cardiopulmonary bypass; ICU, intensive care unit; IQR, interquartile range; SA, surgical ablation; SD, standard deviation

The mean follow-up time after surgery was 26.1±27.6 months. There were 4 all-cause deaths after discharge: 1 patient died at 30 months due to reoperation for severe recurrent MR, 1 patient died at 55 months because of myocardium infarction and cerebral infarction, and 2 patients died at 1 month for reasons unknown. The overall 1-year and 3-year survival rates were 97.5% (95% CI: 94.1–100.0%) and 92.9% (95% CI: 83.9–100.0%), respectively, and no significant difference was found between the SA group (3/52) and the non-SA group (1/30) (Log-rank test: P=0.439). Also, 96.1% of the surviving patients recovered to NYHA functional class I/II at the latest follow-up (P<0.001 vs. preoperatively).

Cardiac reverse-remodeling

All patients had at least one TTE examination during follow-up, and the mean TTE follow-up time was 18.6±24.7 months. The follow-up TTE data are summarized in . Compared to preoperative echocardiography, the LA diameter (LAD) (P<0.001), LVEDD (P<0.001), LVESD (P<0.001) and pulmonary artery pressure (P=0.006) significantly decreased postoperatively, which indicated reverse-remodeling of both the LA and LV. This significant reverse-remodeling was found both in the SA group and the non-SA group ().

Table 3

Follow-up echocardiographic outcomes

Variables	All (n=73)	SA group (n=45)	Non-SA group (n=28)	Difference (95% CI)	P valve	Difference (95% CI)$	P valve$	Difference (95% CI)#	P valve#	Difference (95% CI)&	P valve&
LVEF (%)	61.8±8.0	62.2±8.0	61.2±8.1	1.0 (−2.8, 4.9)	0.591	−1.0 (−2.8, 0.9)	0.306	−1.4 (−3.8, 1.0)	0.260	−0.3 (−3.4, 2.7)	0.832
LAD (mm)	49.7±9.5	46.8±7.6	54.4±10.4	−7.5 (−12.1, −3.0)	0.002	4.8 (3.4, 6.1)	<0.001	5.2 (3.7, 6.8)	<0.001	4.0 (1.6, 6.4)	0.002
LVEDD (mm)	49.5±5.3	49.3 ±5.1	49.8±5.5	−0.6 (−3.1, 2.0)	0.664	2.7 (1.6, 3.7)	<0.001	2.7 (1.2, 4.2)	0.001	2.6 (1.0, 4.3)	0.002
LVESD (mm)	32.8±5.5	32.6±5.6	33.0±5.4	−0.3 (−3.0, 2.3)	0.797	2.2 (1.1, 3.3)	<0.001	2.4 (0.9, 3.8)	0.002	2.0 (0.2, 3.8)	0.029
PAP (mm Hg)	38.9±11.3	37.9±8.6	40.5±14.6	−2.7 (−8.8, 3.5)	0.386	3.5 (1.1, 6.0)	0.006	3.3 (0.1, 6.6)	0.046	3.8 (−0.2, 7.7)	0.059

The data were presented as the mean ± standard deviation. $, the comparison between preoperative and follow-up data in all patients. #, the comparison between preoperative and follow-up data in SA group. &, the comparison between preoperative and follow-up data in non-SA group. CI, confidence interval; LVEF, left ventricular ejection fraction; LAD, left atrial diameter; LVEDD, left ventricular end-diastolic diameter; LVESD, left ventricular end-systolic diameter; PAP, pulmonary artery pressure; SA, surgical ablation.

Recurrent MR

Ten patients were found to have recurrent MR (greater than a mild-to-moderate degree) during follow-up. The overall 1-year and 3-year freedom from recurrent MR rates were 94.3% (95% CI: 88.2–100.0%) and 65.3% (95% CI: 47.8–89.1%), respectively, and a significant difference was found between the SA group and the non-SA group (93.8% and 93.8% vs. 95.5% and 44.2%, P=0.035) (). Also, the recurrent MR rate was found to be different between the small LA group (≤60 mm) and large LA group (>60 mm), though this did not reach statistical significance (Log-rank test: P=0.064) (). In order to investigate the exact effect of SA on recurrent MR, we used a multivariable model adjusted by PS and IPTW Cox regression models to reduce bias. A significant interaction was found between SA and preoperative LAD in the crude model, PS-adjusted model, and PS IPTW model (). In practice, a higher rate of SA tended to be performed in the small LA group compared to the large LA group (47/69, 68.1% vs. 5/13, 38.5%, P=0.042). Subsequently, we performed a subgroup analysis and found that the significant effect of SA on recurrent MR was only in the small LA group and not in the large LA group ( and ).

Figure 1

Kaplan-Meier curves depicting freedom from recurrent MR for the SA group and the non-SA group. Shadings indicate 95% confidence intervals. MR, mitral regurgitation; SA, surgical ablation.

Figure 2

Kaplan-Meier curves depicting freedom from recurrent MR for the LAD ≤60 mm group and the LAD >60 mm group. Shadings indicate 95% confidence intervals. LAD, left atrium diameter; MR, mitral regurgitation.

Table 4

Interaction between SA and preoperative LAD

Models	Coef	Exp(coef)	Se(coef)	z	P valve	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI
Crude model
SA	−2.134	0.118	1.082	−1.972	0.049	0.014	0.987
Pre-LAD	0.185	1.203	0.824	0.224	0.823	0.239	6.051
Interaction of SA*Pre-LAD	3.987	53.901	1.770	2.252	0.024	1.678	1,731.923
PS adjusted model
SA	−0.864	0.422	1.338	−0.646	0.519	0.031	5.804
Pre-LAD	−0.361	0.697	0.859	−0.420	0.674	0.130	3.751
Interaction of SA*Pre-LAD	4.781	119.251	1.885	2.536	0.011	2.963	4,798.702
PS	−6.010	0.002	3.618	−1.661	0.097	0.000	2.946
PS IPTW model
SA	−1.965	0.140	1.160	−1.693	0.090	0.014	1.362
Pre-LAD	0.380	1.463	1.066	0.357	0.721	0.181	11.808
Interaction of SA*Pre-LAD	3.592	36.287	1.971	1.822	0.068	0.762	1,727.877

CI, confidence interval; IPTW, inverse probability of treatment weighting; LAD, left atrial diameter; Pre-LAD, preoperative LA diameter >60 mm group; PS, propensity score; SA, surgical ablation group.

Table 5

Subgroup analysis

Models	Coef	Exp(coef)	Se(coef)	z	P valve	Lower 95% CI	Upper 95% CI
Pre-LAD ≤60 mm subgroup: SA	−2.198	0.111	1.084	−2.207	0.043	0.013	0.930
Pre-LAD >60 mm subgroup: SA	1.589	4.899	1.421	1.118	0.264	0.302	79.450

CI, confidence interval; LAD, left atrial diameter; SA, surgical ablation group.

Figure 3

Kaplan-Meier curves depicting freedom from recurrent MR for the SA group and the non-SA group in the small LA group (≤60 mm). Shadings indicate 95% confidence intervals. MR, mitral regurgitation; SA, surgical ablation; LA, left atrium.

Discussion

This study aimed to share our observational clinical experience in the surgical management of AFMR. The mid-term outcomes of MV repair for AFMR demonstrate its safety and efficacy by improving heart failure symptoms and inducing reverse-remodeling in both the LA and LV. Furthermore, we found that a concomitant SA procedure may reduce recurrent MR, especially in the small LA group (≤60 mm).

AF is a common cardiac rhythm disorder, found predominantly in elderly patients and heart failure patients. In clinical practice, AF patients occasionally present with moderate-to-severe MR (2,6). AF is a known cause of MR and vice versa, although sometimes it is difficult to identify which pathology manifests first. AFMR patients often present with chronic heart failure symptoms, a progressive disease associated with poor prognosis (10,11,18). Vohra and colleagues reported in their case series that 85% of patients had NYHA functional class III/IV symptoms (12). This is comparable to our cohort, where 82.9% of patients presented with dyspnea, and 72.0% of them were NYHA functional class III/IV.

The optimal treatment for AFMR is still unknown due to a poor understanding of the underlying pathological mechanisms. AF can beget LA enlargement and succeeds in mitral annular dilatation (19). In the context of AFMR, the mitral leaflets are usually structurally normal but morphologically enlarged (6). This means that there are enough leaflets for coaptation if annuloplasty rings are used to downsize the mitral annulus. Some studies have reported on MV repair for AFMR, but the sample sizes were small, and the conclusions were contentious (12,20). In our study, with 10-year of experience in the surgical treatment of AFMR, mid-term outcomes confirmed the efficacy of our technique. The overall 1-year and 3-year freedom from recurrent MR rates were 94.3% and 65.3%, respectively. Consistently, 96.1% of patients were classified as NYHA functional class I/II without obvious heart failure symptoms during the mean follow-up time of 26.1±27.6 months. Furthermore, LA and LV size was significantly reduced, suggesting that our surgical treatment can stop and even reverse cardiac remodeling. In terms of safety, we had no operative deaths or major complications in this study.

AF is the primary etiology and initial driver of AFMR and deserves attention during surgical management. It was reported that restoration of sinus rhythm by catheter ablation could mitigate MR and reverse-remodel LA (1). In a real-world setting, moderate-to-severe AFMR is often associated with long-standing persistent AF and a severely dilated LA and mitral annulus, meaning catheter ablation might be ineffective. Obviously, the decision making is influenced by potential surgical risks by adding Maze procedures and relatively low expectations of successful restoration of sinus rhythm in “sicker” patients. Vohra and colleague reported in their case series that only 7/20 patients underwent a concomitant Maze procedure (12). In our study cohort, 52/82 patients received concomitant Maze procedures. A significant difference in recurrent MR was found between the SA group and the non-SA group.

Furthermore, this significant effect of SA on recurrent MR was only found in the small LA group (≤60 mm) and not in the large LA group (>60 mm) in the subgroup analysis. Appropriate patient selection is a pre-requisite for optimal surgical outcomes. Increased LA wall tension (21) and advanced LA fibrosis (22) may be associated with unsuccessful SA, while also increasing risk to patients. Our results suggest that adding Maze procedures to the standard surgical management of early stage AFMR can significantly help to restore sinus rhythm and achieve optimal long-term results.

For cardiologists or cardiac surgeons, a differential diagnosis with ventricular functional MR (VFMR) (ischemia MR or cardiomyopathy-related MR) is critical, due to the distinctive pathophysiological processes and surgical strategies of these two conditions. Leaflet tethering with the apical shift of the papillary muscle due to adverse LV remodeling and loss of normal leaflet coaptation is the principal pathological mechanism of VFMR. Chordal-sparing MV replacement is now used, preferably over downsizing annuloplasty for VFMR according to the updated 2017 American Heart Association (AHA) guideline (23). AFMR patients usually have normal LV sizes, which is the key differentiator from VFMR. According to the results of the present study, MV repair with concomitant Maze procedure is safe and effective for AFMR.

This study had some limitations. Firstly, this was a single-center retrospective observational study with a relatively small number of patients, although this was the most extensive surgical study on AFMR in the literature. Secondly, the majority of patients underwent surgery in recent years, meaning that follow-up may be too short to assess the long-term outcomes of MV repair. Finally, the underlying mechanisms for the benefit of the concomitant SA procedure remain unclear.

Conclusions

We report on the safety and efficacy of MV repair for AFMR. Analysis of mid-term outcomes demonstrated improved heart failure symptoms and reverse-remodeling of both the LA and LV. A concomitant SA procedure may benefit patients in terms of recurrent MR, especially in the small LA group (≤60 mm).

The article’s supplementary files as