The Prevalence of Campylobacter in Live Cattle, Turkey, Chicken, and Swine in the United States and Canada: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Campylobacter cause gastroenteritis in humans and may be shed in the feces of livestock and poultry species, including cattle, chicken, turkey, and swine. However, a synthesis of the prevalence on farms in the United States and Canada is currently lacking. Thus, our objective was to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the prevalence of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter jejuni, and Campylobacter spp. on livestock and poultry farms operated under commercial conditions in the United States and Canada. The relevant literature was identified and examined for eligibility based on a priori inclusion and exclusion criteria. Relevant data were extracted, and a meta-analysis was performed. The data were transformed using the Freeman-Tukey arcsine transformation to stabilize the variance. A separate meta-analysis was performed for each animal species, level of sampling (individual versus pooled), and species of Campylobacter, for a total of 29 meta-analyses. C. jejuni and Campylobacter spp. were present in all livestock and poultry species of interest, whereas C. coli was found in all species of interest with the exception of chickens. Furthermore, substantial heterogeneity was observed in most meta-analyses. In an attempt to account for this, subgroup analyses were performed on potential moderators. However, with the exception of beef cattle, where studies in feedlot cattle reported a consistently higher prevalence compared with adult cattle on pasture, significant heterogeneity remained in the majority of meta-analyses after accounting for potential moderators. The results of this review can be used to inform future risk assessment, consumer and producer awareness, and resource allocation, and identify gaps for future research.