Bridging and downstaging role of trans-arterial radio-embolization for expected small remnant volume before liver resection for hepatocellular carcinoma.

Backgrounds/Aims: To evaluate our initial experience of bridging role of trans-arterial radio-embolization (TARE) before major hepatectomy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in risky patients with small expected remnant liver volume (ERLV).
Methods: We reviewed the data of patients with HCC who underwent major hepatectomy after TARE during the period between March and December 2017. Patients included had uni-lobar large HCC (＞5 cm) requiring major hepatectomy with small ERLV.
Results: Five patients were included in our study. All patients were Child Pugh class A. A single session of TARE was applied in all patients. None developed any adverse events related to irradiation. The mean tumor size at baseline was 8.4 cm and 6.1 cm after TARE (p=0.077). The mean % of tumor shrinkage was 24.5%. ERLV improved from 354.6 ml at baseline to 500.8 ml after TARE (p=0.012). ERLV percentage improved from 27.2% at baseline to 38.1% after TARE (p=0.004). The mean % of ERLV was 39.5%. The mean interval time between TARE and resection was 99.6 days. Four patients (80%) underwent right hemi-hepatectomy and one patient (20%) underwent extended right hemi-hepatectomy. The mean operation time was 151 minutes, and mean blood loss was 56 ml. The mean hospital stay was 13.8 days, and one patient (20%) developed postoperative morbidity. After a mean follow-up of 15 months, all patients were alive with no recurrence. Conclusions: Yttrium-90 TARE can play a bridging role before major hepatectomy for borderline resectable HCC in risky patients with small ERLV.

INTRODUCTION

Liver resection and transplantation are the main lines of curative treatment for patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver transplantation is applied for selected patients with early stage HCC with favorable tumor biology. [1,2] Therefore, liver resection plays an important role in the treatment of HCC patients. However, many HCC patients are not candidates for liver resection at the time of diagnosis due to poor liver functions, multifocal tumor, small remnant liver volume or proximity to major hepatic vasculatures. [3]

Preoperative portal vein embolization (PVE) had been suggested before major liver resection to induce compensatory hypertrophy of the remnant liver before liver resection. PVE achieved satisfactory outcomes in terms of expected remnant liver volume (ERLV). [4] However, some patients may lose the chance for resection due to progression of untreated tumor during the interval between PVE and liver resection. [5-7]

To overcome this problem, the concept of sequential selective trans-arterial chemoembolization (TACE) with PVE before major liver resection was introduced. This combination helps to control tumor progression during the period between intervention and liver resection. Also, it strengthens the effect of PVE by embolizing the arterioportal shunts that may exist. [8] However, this approach is associated with increased liver damage due to double occlusion of blood supply and the development of severe post-embolization syndrome. [9,10]

Yttrium-90 trans-arterial radio-embolization (TARE) had been introduced as a novel modality in the management of intermediate and advanced stage HCC.[11,12] It involves selective intra-arterial delivery of radioactive microspheres to provide selective internal radiation to the tumor. This results in progressive tumor necrosis and shrinkage. From the surgical view, TARE therapy may help to increase resectability of HCC in high risk patients with small ERLV. TARE therapy induces hypertrophy of ERLV while controlling the primary tumor during the interval between TARE and liver resection. At the same time, it gives a good biologic test to evaluate the biologic behavior of the tumor after TARE therapy.

There are few reports about surgical resection of HCC following TARE therapy in patients with small ERLV.[13-15] This study was conducted to evaluate our initial experience of the bridging role of TARE before major liver resection for HCC in high risk patients with small ERLV. We aimed to evaluate two main aspects. Firstly, the downstaging effect of TARE before major liver resection for HCC (the oncologic aspect). Secondly, the estimated remnant liver volume hypertrophy after TARE in risky patients with small ERLV (the safety aspect).

MATERIALS AND METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed the data of patients with HCC who underwent major liver resection after TARE therapy at Seoul National University Hospital (SNUH), Seoul National University, Korea during the period between March 2017 and December 2017.

The inclusion criteria in this study included:

1- Uni-lobar disease.

2- Tumor size exceeding 5 cm in diameter.

3- Required hemi-hepatectomy or extended hemi-hepatectomy (due to central location or close relation to major vascular structures) for curative liver resection but is associated with small ERLV (less than 30% of standard liver volume).

4- Age above 18 years old.

5- Preserved liver functions (Child-Pugh class A).

6- Good performance status (Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status less than 2).

7- Absence of distant metastatic disease.

Management protocol

Management algorithm for the study patients is shown in Fig. 1. The treatment protocol was approved by institutional review board at SNUH and an informed consent was obtained from all patients before treatment.

Fig. 1

Management algorithm of the study patients. TARE, trans-arterial radio-embolization; CT, computed tomography; LFT, liver function tests; AFP, alpha fetoprotein; PIVKA-II, protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II.

Evaluation before TARE

Eligible patients were discussed in a multi-disciplinary meeting to evaluate the suitability to undergo TARE therapy within 4 weeks before the procedure. Eligible patients underwent baseline triphasic dynamic computed tomography and volumetric assessment using 3D virtual liver surgery planning software (Dr LiverTM, POSTECH, Gyeongbuk, Korea).[16] Also, eligible patients underwent baseline detailed laboratory evaluation including tumor markers (alpha fetoprotein (AFP) and protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II)).

Diagnostic angiography was performed to evaluate hepatic vasculature and possible ectopic supply for the tumor, and to detect collateral shunting from the liver to other organs. At the same time, technetium-99m-labeled macroaggregated albumin scan (99mTc-MAA) was performed to evaluate the hepatopulmonary shunting and the probability of pulmonary complications caused by TARE therapy.

TARE procedure

Yttrium-90 glass microspheres (TheraSphereⓇ, BTG International, London, United Kingdom) were infused via lobar hepatic artery to induce progressive ipsilateral tumor necrosis and shrinkage with gradual hypertrophy of contralateral lobe. If the tumor has a dominant tumor-feeding artery, additional radioactive microspheres were infused into the tumor-feeding artery to enhance anti-tumor effect. All patients were admitted to the hospital and commonly discharged 1 day after the procedure. The Medical Internal Radiation Dose method was used to calculate the target perfused tissue dose. The desired dose of treated liver volume ranged from 180 to 240 Gy, and the estimated lung dose was less than 30 Gy.[17,18]

Post-TARE follow up

Patients were followed up in the outpatient clinic at 4 weeks and 3 months after TARE therapy. At 4 weeks visit, patients underwent physical examination, detailed laboratory evaluation including tumor markers, and triphasic dynamic computed tomography to assess the response to TARE therapy. At 3 months visit, patients underwent physical examination, detailed laboratory evaluation including tumor markers, and triphasic dynamic computed tomography and volumetric assessment with the same imaging technique used at the baseline evaluation. If the ERLV is more than 30% of the standard liver volume in absence of local or distant disease progression, surgical resection could be done. Tumor response and disease progression were evaluated using the modified RECIST criteria.[19]

Liver volumetric evaluation

Volumetric assessment was performed for patients before (baseline) and after TARE therapy (3 month) using 3D virtual liver surgery planning software (Dr LiverTM).

Volumetric assessment was performed based on planned surgical resection (hemihepatectomy or extended hemi-hepatectomy) Fig. 2.

Fig. 2

(A-F) Computed tomography photos showing gradual tumor shrinkage (red line) and increased remnant liver volume (blue zone) after yettrium-90 trans- arterial radioembolization. (A and D) At baseline evaluation, (B and E) 4 weeks after trans-arterial radioembolization, and (C and F) before liver resection. (G-I) Operative view of right hemi-hepatectomy after yettrium-90 trans- arterial radioembolization. (G) Initial exposure with noted demarcation and inflammation on the right hemi-liver. (H) Pedicle dissection and individual control of inflow structures. (I) Parenchymatous division by cavitron ultrasonic suction aspirator.

Volumetric measurements were calculated as follow:

% Tumor shrinkage=Tumor size pre-TARE−Tumor size post-TARE/Tumor size pre-TARE %.

% Expected Remnant Liver Hypertrophy=Remnant liver volume post-TARE−Remnant liver volume pre-TARE/Remnant liver volume pre-TARE %.

Operative procedure and pathological analysis

Liver resections were performed after about 3 months following TARE therapy. All major liver resections (hemi-hepatectomy or extended hemi-hepatectomy) were performed by senior liver surgeons using standard liver resection technique Fig. 2. Perihepatic inflammatory adhesions were found but these were easily dissected without injuries to any surrounding organs. Demarcation between treated and nontreated hemiliver was evident. Pedicle dissection and control of inflow structures was easily done without marked inflammatory changes at the pedicle. Parenchymatous dissection was performed by cavitron ultrasonic suction aspirator (CUSAⓇ; Valleylab, Inc., Boulder, CO, USA). After surgery, patients were transferred to intensive care unit then to the ward. Postoperative complications were recorded and graded according to Clavien-Dindo classification.[20] Resected liver specimens were examined pathologically, paying attention to the extent of necrosis of HCC and the presence of viable neoplastic tissue.

Post-hepatectomy follow up

After discharge, patients were followed up regularly in the outpatient clinic at 1, and 3 months then every 3 months after liver resection. Follow up visits included physical examination, detailed laboratory evaluation including tumor markers, and triphasic dynamic computed tomography.

Statistical analysis

Continuous variables were expressed as mean±standard deviation. Tumor size and volumetric measurements were compared before and after TARE therapy by paired sample t-test. Survival was calculated to the time of the last follow up. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 20 software (IBM, Chicago, IL, USA). A p-value less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant.

RESULTS

During the study period, 5 patients with HCC met the inclusion criteria and were included in our study. An informed consent was obtained from all patients before starting the treatment protocol.

Baseline characteristics

The basic characteristics of the study patients are shown in Table 1. The mean age was 55.2±10 years. 4 patients (80%) had underlying hepatitis B viral infection while 1 patient (20%) had underlying hepatitis C viral infection. All patients were Child Pugh class A.

Table 1

Baseline characteristics, radiological and volumetric data of the study patients

Variables	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4	Case 5	All cases
Age (years)	57	42	54	53	70	55.2±10.03
Gender	Male	Male	Male	Male	Female	---
Body mass index (kg/m2)	26.96	28.4	24.01	28.58	17.96	25.2±4.4
Etiology	HBV	HBV	HBV	HCV	HBV	---
Child-pugh class	A	A	A	A	A	---
Platelets count (*103/μl)	186	170	145	119	230	170±42.08
Serum bilirubin (mg/dl)	0.4	0.6	0.3	0.8	0.7	0.56±0.21
Serum INR	1.06	1.05	1.02	1.02	0.92	1.01±0.06
Serum ALT (IU/L)	31	40	40	45	126	56.4±39.23
Serum AST (IU/L)	46	26	34	47	140	58.6±46.33
Serum AFP (ng/ml)	5	24	30.1	19.1	29360	5887.64±1312.45
Serum PIVKA-II (mAU/ml)	30731	4.8	936	2877	2129	7335.56±1314.67
Indocyanine green retention 15 min	19.9	14	8.2	27	2.5	14.32±9.61
Fibroscan transient elastography (kpa)	17.6	7.3	5.8	6.7	12.6	10±5.01
Baseline radiological and volumetric evaluation
Liver status	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	Normal	---
Tumor location	S 5, 6	S 8	S 7, 8	S 5	S 6, 7	---
Proximity to major vascular structure	Right portal vein	Middle hepatic vein	No	Right portal vein	No	---
Tumor size (cm)	10	5.2	8.8	6.2	12	8.44±2.77
Total liver volume (ml)	1794	1290	1180	1300	1026	1318±288.09
Expected remnant liver volume (ml)	446	279	350	392	306	354.6±66.8
Expected remnant liver percentage (%)	24.9	21.6	29.7	30.2	29.8	27.24±3.83
Liver to lung shunt fraction (%)	6.56	2.56	5.32	2.6	11.6	5.83±3.71
Radiological and volumetric evaluations after TARE/before liver resection
Tumor size (cm)	8	4.5	6.8	5.3	5.8	6.08±1.36
% Tumor shrinkage	20	13.5	22.7	14.5	51.7	24.48±15.69
Expected remnant liver volume (ml)	689	358	447	600	410	500.8±138.56
Expected remnant liver percentage (%)	38.4	27.8	37.9	46.2	40	38.06±6.62
% Expected remnant liver hypertrophy	54.5	28.3	27.7	53.1	34	39.52±13.27

INR, international normalized ratio; AST, aspartate aminotransferase; ALT, alanine aminotransferase; AFP, alpha fetoprotein; PIVKA-II, protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II; TARE, trans-arterial radio-embolization

Radiological and volumetric outcomes

A single session of TARE therapy was applied in all patients. None of the study patients developed any adverse events related to irradiation. Radiological and volumetric data of the study patients at baseline and 3 months after TARE therapy are shown in Table 1. The mean tumor size decreased from 8.4±2.8 cm at baseline to 6.1±1.4 cm 3 months after TARE therapy, and this was statistically non-significant (p=0.077). The mean % of tumor shrinkage after TARE therapy was 24.5±15.7%.

ERLV improved from 354.6±66.8 ml at baseline to 500.8±138.6 ml at 3 months after TARE therapy, and this was statistically significant (p=0.012). Expected remnant liver percentage improved from 27.2±3.8% at baseline to 38.1±6.6% at 3 months after TARE therapy, and this was statistically significant (p=0.004). The mean % of expected remnant liver hypertrophy after TARE therapy was 39.5±13.3%.

Operative and pathological outcomes

The peri-operative and pathological outcomes of the study patients are shown in Table 2. The mean interval time between TARE therapy and surgical resection was 99.6±54.3 days. The mean operation time was 151±52.7 minutes, and mean blood loss was 56±26.1 ml. None of the patients received perioperative blood transfusion. The mean hospital stay was 13.8±4.1 days. One patient (20%) developed postoperative morbidity. This patient developed postoperative fascial defect in the abdominal wound that required operative repair (Grade III, according Clavien- Dindo classification).

Table 2

Peri-operative and Pathological data of the study patients

Variables	Case 1	Case 2	Case 3	Case 4	Case 5	All cases
Interval between TARE and resection	47	44	101	142	164	99.6±54.33
Operation type	RH	RH	RH	Extended RH	RH	---
Operation time (minutes)	230	105	120	180	120	151±52.7
Estimated blood loss (ml)	50	100	50	50	30	56±26.1
Blood transfusion	No	No	No	No	No	---
Intraoperative complications	No	No	No	No	No	---
Hospital stay (days)	9	39	7	7	7	13.8±4.1
Postoperative morbidity	No	Yes	No	No	No	---
Clavien-Dindo grade		IIIb
Pathological data
Liver status	Chronic hepatitis	Chronic hepatitis	Mixed cirrhosis*	Micro cirrhosis[†]	Normal	---
Type	Expanding nodular	Mass forming	Trabecular	NA	NA	---
Edmonson-Steiner grade	II	II	II	NA	NA	---
Necrosis percentage (%)	60	97	90	100 (totally necrotic)	100 (totally necrotic)	89.4±16.94
Resection margin	R0	R0	R0	R0	R0	---
Margin length (mm)	39	6	43	1	20	21.8±18.91
Capsule	Partial	Partial	Complete	NA	NA	---
Satellite nodules	No	No	No	No	No	---
Microvascular invasion	Yes	No	No	NA	NA	---
Perineural invasion	No	No	No	NA	NA	---
Survival outcomes
Follow up duration (months)	19	16	15	13	12	15±2.74
Survival	Alive	Alive	Alive	Alive	Alive	---
Recurrence	No	No	No	No	No	---
Recurrence free survival (months)	19	16	15	13	12	15±2.74

*Mixed cirrhosis: mixed micro- and macro-nodular cirrhosis

†Micro cirrhosis: micro-nodular cirrhosis

TARE, trans-arterial radio-embolization; RH, right hemi-hepatectomy

Pathologically, the mean tumor necrosis percentage was 89.4±16.9%. R0 resection was achieved in all cases, and the mean resection margin was 21.8±18.9 mm. The mean follow-up duration was 15±2.7 months. All patients were alive at the time of the follow up. None of the patients experienced tumor recurrence at the time of the follow up.

Changes in liver functions and tumor markers

Changes in serum liver functions and tumor markers before and after both TARE therapy and liver resection are shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3

Changes in serum liver functions and tumor markers during management protocol. (A) Changes in serum bilirubin. (B) Changes in serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT). (C) Changes in serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST). (D) Changes in serum alpha fetoprotein (AFP). (E) Changes in serum protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II). TARE, trans-arterial radio-embolization; Op, operation.

No marked changes in serum bilirubin was noted before and after both TARE therapy and liver resection. Mean serum bilirubin changed from 0.6 mg/dl before TARE therapy to 0.7 mg/dl after TARE therapy to 0.6 mg/dl preoperatively to 0.8 mg/dl postoperatively.

Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) did not show marked changes before and after both TARE therapy and liver resection. Mean serum ALT changed from 56.4 IU/L before TARE therapy to 55.8 IU/L after TARE therapy to 30.2 IU/L preoperatively to 29.4 IU/L postoperatively. Mean serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) increased from 58.6 IU/L before TARE therapy to 80.8 IU/L after TARE therapy. Mean serum AST did not change markedly before and after liver resection (30.2 and 29.4 IU/L, respectively).

Serum tumor markers showed dramatic decrease after TARE therapy and continued to decrease after liver resection. Mean serum AFP decreased from 5887.6 ng/ml before TARE therapy to 816.7 ng/ml after TARE therapy to 18.42 ng/ml preoperatively to 3.52 ng/ml postoperatively. Similarly, mean serum PIVKA-II decreased from 7335.6 mAU/ml before TARE therapy to 1641.9 mAU/ml after TARE therapy to 669.8 mAU/ml preoperatively to 25.4 mAU/ml postoperatively.

DISCUSSION

Surgical management of HCC patients is a challenging scenario. More than 90% of HCC cases develop on a background of chronic liver disease.[21-23] This limits the resectability of HCC due to the need to preserve a sufficient remnant liver volume to avoid the development of post- hepatectomy liver failure.

Yttrium-90 TARE is an image guided locoregional therapeutic option for patients with hepatic malignancies not suitable for curative liver resection. It involves selective injection of yttrium-90-labelled microspheres through hepatic arteries. This provides selective internal radiation to the tumor sparing the normal liver parenchyma resulting in progressive tumor necrosis and shrinkage.24,25 Yttrium-90 TARE had shown good outcomes in the management of intermediate and advanced stage HCC. [11,12]

From the surgical view, TARE therapy may help to increase resectability of HCC in high risk patients with initial small ERLV. In the current study, we evaluated our initial experience of the bridging role of TARE before major liver resection for HCC in high risk patients with initial small ERLV.

TARE therapy induces hypertrophy of ERLV before liver resection. The underlying mechanism for this is the atrophy-hypertrophy phenomenon, which refers to the liver’s response to cellular loss by controlled restoration of the liver parenchyma.[26] Yttrium-90-labelled microspheres induces gradual damage of the irradiated liver with gradual fibrosis and tumor shrinkage by combination of high dose radiation in and around the vascular tumor bed and by micro-arterial embolization.[27] Subsequently, decreasing the portal flow to the irradiated hemi-liver and redirecting the portal flow to the nonirradiated hemi-liver. Portal flow modulation stimulates release of growth factors and cytokines in the non-irradiated hemi-liver.[28] Testing the regenerative capacity of the liver is important clinical guide, especially in patients with fibrosis or cirrhosis, in making decision to proceed for safe liver resection or not.

Vouche et al.[14] reported increase in the % expected remnant liver hypertrophy up to 35% after TARE therapy. Lewandowski et al.[15] reported that the % expected remnant liver hypertrophy increased significantly after TARE therapy up to 30%. Edeline et al.[29] reported increase in the % ERLV of 42% after TARE therapy. In our study, the expected remnant liver percentage improved from 27.2% to 38.1% after TARE therapy (p=0.004), and the % expected remnant liver hypertrophy was 39.5%.

The improvement of the ERLV following TARE therapy is comparable to this achieved with standard preoperative PVE, however the kinetics of volume hypertrophy is slower in TARE therapy compared to PVE. Shindoh et al.[30] reported approximately 30% increase of the expected remnant liver percentage at 4-8 weeks after PVE. Farges et al.[31] reported increased expected remnant liver percentage up to 47% in normal livers and up to 47% in chronic liver disease at 4-8 weeks after PVE.

The main advantage of TARE therapy compared to standard PVE that it provides a good control of the tumor during the waiting period for remnant liver volume hypertrophy. This provides a good biologic test to evaluate the tumor response after TARE therapy. The biologic behavior of the tumor is another important clinical guide in making decision to proceed for liver resection. Patients showing aggressive tumor behavior in terms of disease progression are not good candidates for resection.[14] In our study, we did not experience disease progression during the interval between TARE therapy and adequate remnant liver volume achievement, so we proceeded to liver resection in all of our cases.

The ideal time interval between TARE therapy and liver resection is debatable issue. Previous studies have addressed that a time interval of 3 to 6 months is adequate to achieve a sufficient remnant liver volume hypertrophy.[13-15] In our study, the mean interval between TARE therapy and liver resection was almost 100 days. In the beginning of our experience, we proceeded to liver resection at earlier time interval based on radiological evaluation of achievement of sufficient remnant liver volume hypertrophy and adequate devascularization of the tumor. Also, this time interval provides a good safety for surgeons and paramedics from radiation exposure during liver resection. Afterwards, we changed our policy to wait for almost 3 months interval allowing for more tumor control and remnant liver volume improvement.

Several post-TARE complications had been addressed. These complications include radioembolization-induced liver disease, biliary complications, radiation pneumonitis, pancreatitis and peptic ulcers.[32] Previous studies had reported that severe post-TARE complications occur in less than 9% off the patients, and the incidence of complications that may require intervention is low.[13,14,31] In our study, none of the patients developed any adverse events related to irradiation or required post-TARE interventions. Post-TARE complications can be avoided or minimized by appropriate multi-disciplinary patient selection, careful treatment planning, and accurate dose administration. The low incidence of post-TARE complications proves the safety of TARE therapy as a bridge for to liver resection.

Major liver resection after TARE therapy is technically challenging. Vouche et al.[14] addressed that of increased inflammation and induration of surgical planes and liver parenchyma are the main surgical issues encountered during liver resection following TARE therapy. They adopted the use of sharp dissection rather than their routine approach. In our experience, we did not face a great surgical difficulty during the liver resection following TARE therapy. Perihepatic inflammatory adhesions were found and were easily dissected without injuries to any surrounding organs. Demarcation between treated and nontreated hemi-liver was evident. Pedicle dissection and control of inflow structures was easily done without marked inflammatory changes at the hepatic pedicle. The estimated blood loss was minimal (mean 56 ml) and none of our patients required blood transfusions.

Postoperatively, one patient (20%) developed severe postoperative morbidity in the form of abdominal wound dehiscence that required operative repair. Previous studies had reported incidence of major complications after liver resection following TARE around 16-38%.[13-15] Generally, the perioperative outcomes of liver resection following TARE therapy is similar to the outcomes after liver resection without preoperative TARE therapy.[22,33]

Pathological examination of liver specimens following liver resection showed a mean tumor necrosis percentage of 89.4%. Complete tumor necrosis was noticed in only 2 patients (40%) on pathological examination despite complete tumor devascularization and lack of viable tumor on preoperative radiological studies. Gabr et al.[13] reported complete tumor necrosis in 45% of the patients on pathological examination. Lewandowski et al.[15] reported complete tumor necrosis in only 33% of the patients on pathological examination. Residual viable tumor is usually found on post resection pathological examination. This sheds light on the importance of proceeding to liver resection after TARE therapy and not depending on complete tumor devascularization on preoperative radiological examination.

The long-term outcomes of HCC patients who underwent liver resection after TARE is still unclear. Only one study addressed survival outcomes of HCC patients who underwent liver resection after TARE. The median follow-up duration was 13 months (8-22 months), and the 1- and 3-years survival rates were 96% and 86%, respectively. The median recurrence-free survival was 34.2 months.[13] Our study is limited by the short follow up duration; however, after a mean follow-up duration of 15 months, all patients were alive with no recurrences. The mean recurrence-free survival 15 months (12-19 months).

Our study has some limitations including its retrospective design with inherent selection bias and including a small number of patients. Our study lacked comparative analysis with primary resection or sequential TACE & PVE before liver resection or with HCC patients who did not underwent liver resection. Also, cost analysis of TARE therapy was not evaluated. However, in our study we aimed to evaluate our initial experience of the bridging role of TARE before major liver resection for borderline resectable HCC cases with small ERLV. The results of our study endorsed us to expand the indications of TARE therapy from unresectable HCC cases to borderline and resectable HCC cases. Currently, we are conducting a prospective study evaluating the safety and efficacy of TARE before liver resection for patients with large HCC more than 5 cm in largest diameter.

In conclusion, yttrium-90 TARE therapy can play an important bridging role before major liver resection for borderline resectable HCC in high risk patients with small ERLV. It could achieve adequate remnant liver volume hypertrophy (safety aspect), while downstaging and controlling the primary tumor (oncologic aspect). A prospective comparative study with primary liver resection or sequential TACE & PVE before liver resection is needed to evaluate the short- and long-term outcomes of those approaches.

ETHICAL STATEMENT

We confirm that all authors declare no conflicts of interest. An informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. The current study was approved by institutional review board of Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University, Korea.