Merlin G Butler1. 1. Departments of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences and Pediatrics, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas, USA.
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Mammals have two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent with equal autosomal gene expression. Less than one percentage of human genes are imprinted or show expression from only one parent without changing gene structure, usually by DNA methylation, but reversible in gametogenesis. Many imprinted genes affect fetal growth and development accounting for several human disorders reviewed in this report. RECENT FINDINGS: Disorders include Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, the first examples of imprinting errors in humans, chromosome 15q11.2-q13.3 duplication, Silver-Russell syndrome, Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome, GNAS gene-related inactivation disorders (e.g. Albright hereditary osteodystrophy), uniparental chromosome 14 disomy, chromosome 6q24-related transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, parent of origin effects in 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion (Burnside-Butler) syndrome and 15q11-q13 single gene imprinted disorders. SUMMARY: Periconceptional and intrauterine life can be influenced by environmental factors and nutrition impacting DNA methylation. This process not only alters development of the fetus, but pregnancy complications may result from large fetal size. Epigenetic processes control imprinted gene functions and regulation with susceptibility to diseases as described. A better understanding of these processes will impact on care and treatment of affected individuals.
PURPOSE OF REVIEW: Mammals have two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent with equal autosomal gene expression. Less than one percentage of human genes are imprinted or show expression from only one parent without changing gene structure, usually by DNA methylation, but reversible in gametogenesis. Many imprinted genes affect fetal growth and development accounting for several human disorders reviewed in this report. RECENT FINDINGS: Disorders include Prader-Willi and Angelman syndromes, the first examples of imprinting errors in humans, chromosome 15q11.2-q13.3 duplication, Silver-Russell syndrome, Beckwith-Weidemann syndrome, GNAS gene-related inactivation disorders (e.g. Albright hereditary osteodystrophy), uniparental chromosome 14 disomy, chromosome 6q24-related transient neonatal diabetes mellitus, parent of origin effects in 15q11.2 BP1-BP2 deletion (Burnside-Butler) syndrome and 15q11-q13 single gene imprinted disorders. SUMMARY: Periconceptional and intrauterine life can be influenced by environmental factors and nutrition impacting DNA methylation. This process not only alters development of the fetus, but pregnancy complications may result from large fetal size. Epigenetic processes control imprinted gene functions and regulation with susceptibility to diseases as described. A better understanding of these processes will impact on care and treatment of affected individuals.
Authors: Merlin G Butler; Samantha N Hartin; Waheeda A Hossain; Ann M Manzardo; Virginia Kimonis; Elisabeth Dykens; June Anne Gold; Soo-Jeong Kim; Nicolette Weisensel; Roy Tamura; Jennifer L Miller; Daniel J Driscoll Journal: J Med Genet Date: 2018-05-05 Impact factor: 6.318
Authors: Ana Paula Abreu; Andrew Dauber; Delanie B Macedo; Sekoni D Noel; Vinicius N Brito; John C Gill; Priscilla Cukier; Iain R Thompson; Victor M Navarro; Priscila C Gagliardi; Tânia Rodrigues; Cristiane Kochi; Carlos Alberto Longui; Dominique Beckers; Francis de Zegher; Luciana R Montenegro; Berenice B Mendonca; Rona S Carroll; Joel N Hirschhorn; Ana Claudia Latronico; Ursula B Kaiser Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2013-06-05 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Samuel P Strom; Waheeda A Hossain; Melina Grigorian; Mickey Li; Joseph Fierro; William Scaringe; Hai-Yun Yen; Mirandy Teguh; Joanna Liu; Harry Gao; Merlin G Butler Journal: Front Genet Date: 2021-05-11 Impact factor: 4.599