Nanodiagnostics and Nanotherapeutics for age-related macular degeneration.

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is the third leading cause worldwide blindness that causes permanent central vision impairment in older people. Over the past few years, there has been significant progress in the diagnosis and therapy of AMD. Currently available diagnostic and therapeutic strategies are clinically limited to manage AMD. The intravitreal (IVT) injection therapy has its shortcomings due to the ocular barriers and frequent administration of drugs into the vitreous humor of the eye. The safe and effective formulations will address the unmet medical needs of AMD. Various engineered nanoformulations, composed of polymers, lipids, proteins, inorganic materials, have been significantly investigated for the management of AMD over the past decade. The purpose of the review was to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state-of-the-art clinical diagnosis and treatment modalities for AMD. This review highlights the progress and future perspectives of nanodiagnostics and nanotherapeutics.