Christine Rouault1, Geneviève Marcelin1, Solia Adriouch1, Cindy Rose1, Laurent Genser1,2, Marc Ambrosini1, Jean-Christophe Bichet3, Yanyan Zhang4, Florian Marquet1, Judith Aron-Wisnewsky1,5, Christine Poitou1,5, Sébastien André1, Geneviève Dérumeaux4,6, Michèle Guerre-Millo1, Karine Clément7,8. 1. Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (Nutriomics), Paris, France. 2. Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Visceral Surgery Department, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France. 3. Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Service de Chirurgie et Cancérologie Gynécologique et Mammaire, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France. 4. Inserm U955, Université Paris-Est Créteil (UPEC), Créteil, France. 5. Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Nutrition Department, CRNH Ile de France, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France. 6. Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Department of Cardiology, Henri Mondor Hospital, DHU-ATVB, Créteil, France. 7. Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Nutrition and Obesities: Systemic Approaches (Nutriomics), Paris, France. karine.clement@inserm.fr. 8. Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Nutrition Department, CRNH Ile de France, Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital, Paris, France. karine.clement@inserm.fr.
Abstract
AIM/HYPOTHESIS: Altered adipose tissue secretory profile contributes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obesity. Preclinical studies have identified senescent cells as a cellular source of proinflammatory factors in adipose tissue of obese mice. In humans, potential links with obesity comorbidities are poorly defined. Here, we investigated adipose tissue senescent status and relationships with metabolic complications in human obesity. METHODS: The study includes a prospective cohort of 227 individuals with severe obesity. A photometric method was used to quantify senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity in paired subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue biopsies obtained during gastric surgery. Gene and secretory profiling was performed in adipose tissue biopsies and in human primary pre-adipocytes in the presence or absence of senolytic drugs targeting senescent cells. Participants were phenotyped for anthropometric and bioclinical variables, metabolic complications and gastric surgery-induced improvement to address relationships with adipose tissue SA-β-gal. RESULTS: SA-β-gal activity was sevenfold higher in subcutaneous than in omental adipose tissue and not associated with BMI or chronological age. Several factors, including insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI1), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and IL-6, were upregulated in subcutaneous adipose tissue in relation with SA-β-gal (p for linear trend across tertiles <0.05) and in pre-adipocytes cultured with inflammatory macrophage conditioned media. Senolytic treatment reduced SA-β-gal staining and normalised these alterations. In the whole population, subcutaneous adipose tissue SA-β-gal activity was positively associated with serum leptin, markers of insulin resistance and increased trunk fat mass. Metabolic complications, including type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia, were more prevalent in patients with high levels of SA-β-gal, but improved with bariatric surgery whatever the initial adipose tissue senescent status. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: This study highlights a phenotype of senescence in adipose tissue of severely obese individuals, which characterises prominently subcutaneous fat depots. Subcutaneous adipose tissue senescence is significantly linked to altered glucose metabolism and body fat distribution. Elimination of senescent cells through senolytic treatment could alleviate metabolic complications in severely obese people. Graphical abstract.
AIM/HYPOTHESIS: Altered adipose tissue secretory profile contributes to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes in obesity. Preclinical studies have identified senescent cells as a cellular source of proinflammatory factors in adipose tissue of obese mice. In humans, potential links with obesity comorbidities are poorly defined. Here, we investigated adipose tissue senescent status and relationships with metabolic complications in human obesity. METHODS: The study includes a prospective cohort of 227 individuals with severe obesity. A photometric method was used to quantify senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) activity in paired subcutaneous and omental adipose tissue biopsies obtained during gastric surgery. Gene and secretory profiling was performed in adipose tissue biopsies and in human primary pre-adipocytes in the presence or absence of senolytic drugs targeting senescent cells. Participants were phenotyped for anthropometric and bioclinical variables, metabolic complications and gastric surgery-induced improvement to address relationships with adipose tissue SA-β-gal. RESULTS: SA-β-gal activity was sevenfold higher in subcutaneous than in omental adipose tissue and not associated with BMI or chronological age. Several factors, including insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI1), C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 (CCL2) and IL-6, were upregulated in subcutaneous adipose tissue in relation with SA-β-gal (p for linear trend across tertiles <0.05) and in pre-adipocytes cultured with inflammatory macrophage conditioned media. Senolytic treatment reduced SA-β-gal staining and normalised these alterations. In the whole population, subcutaneous adipose tissue SA-β-gal activity was positively associated with serum leptin, markers of insulin resistance and increased trunk fat mass. Metabolic complications, including type 2 diabetes and dyslipidaemia, were more prevalent in patients with high levels of SA-β-gal, but improved with bariatric surgery whatever the initial adipose tissue senescent status. CONCLUSIONS/ INTERPRETATION: This study highlights a phenotype of senescence in adipose tissue of severely obese individuals, which characterises prominently subcutaneous fat depots. Subcutaneous adipose tissue senescence is significantly linked to altered glucose metabolism and body fat distribution. Elimination of senescent cells through senolytic treatment could alleviate metabolic complications in severely obese people. Graphical abstract.
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