Automated detection of mild and multi-class diabetic eye diseases using deep learning.

Diabetic eye disease is a collection of ocular problems that affect patients with diabetes. Thus, timely screening enhances the chances of timely treatment and prevents permanent vision impairment. Retinal fundus images are a useful resource to diagnose retinal complications for ophthalmologists. However, manual detection can be laborious and time-consuming. Therefore, developing an automated diagnose system reduces the time and workload for ophthalmologists. Recently, the image classification using Deep Learning (DL) in between healthy or diseased retinal fundus image classification already achieved a state of the art performance. While the classification of mild and multi-class diseases remains an open challenge, therefore, this research aimed to build an automated classification system considering two scenarios: (i) mild multi-class diabetic eye disease (DED), and (ii) multi-class DED. Our model tested on various datasets, annotated by an opthalmologist. The experiment conducted employing the top two pretrained convolutional neural network (CNN) models on ImageNet. Furthermore, various performance improvement techniques were employed, i.e., fine-tune, optimization, and contrast enhancement. Maximum accuracy of 88.3% obtained on the VGG16 model for multi-class classification and 85.95% for mild multi-class classification. © Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020.