Protocol for the Generation of Human Pluripotent Reporter Cell Lines Using CRISPR/Cas9.

Reporter cell lines based on human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are highly desirable for studying differentiation, lineage tracing, and target cell selection. However, several technical bottlenecks, such as DNA transduction, low homology recombination rate (HDR), and single-cell cloning, have made this effort an arduous process in hPSCs. Here, we provide a step-by-step protocol and practical guide for generating reporter lines in hPSCs via CRISPR/Cas9-mediated HDR. We also elaborate on the process of generating a TBXT-GFP reporter line as an example.

Before You Begin

Timing: 1 day

All primers in this protocol are designed using open web resource Primer 3 http://bioinfo.ut.ee/primer3/. Primers can be ordered from IDT or other companies.

We use the Gibson cloning method to construct the donor plasmid. The 5× Isothermal Buffer used in the Gibson Assembly Master Mix, and the Gibson Assembly Master Mix are prepared by ourselves in lab following the published method (Gibson et al., 2009).

Prepare 5× Isothermal Buffer

Combine Tris-HCl, dNTPs, MgCl2, DTT, and NAD. Slowly add the PEG-8000 to the mixture to ensure it dissolves completely. Add ddH2O to a final volume of 3 mL. Divide the solution into 80 μL aliquots and store at −20°C for up to 6 months.

Prepare Gibson Assembly Master Mix

Mix thoroughly and divide the solution into 15 μL aliquots. Store it at −20°C for up to 6 months.

Gibson Assembly Master Mix can be purchased from NEB (Catalog# E2611S).

High quality hPSCs (hESC lines/hiPSC lines) in the absence of spontaneous differentiation should be used to perform the knockin

CRITICAL: It is important to perform quality controls on the hPSCs such as karyotyping, mycoplasma testing, and STR profiling.

Matrigel preparation

Thaw Corning Matrigel hESC-Qualified Matrix on ice for 20–24 h at 4°C. Store in 250 μL aliquots in −80°C for up to 6 months.

Thaw an aliquot of the Matrigel for at least 2 h, or up to 24 h at 4°C on ice. Dilute the Matrigel 1:100 with cold DMEM/F12 medium and store at 4°C for up to a week.

Coat 1 mL/well for a 6-well plate, 0.5 mL/well for a 12-well plate, or 0.25 mL/well for a 24-well plate. Place the coated plates in a 37°C incubator and wait at least an hour before using.

Matrigel will solidify and become a gel when allowed to warm to 20–22°C. Keep the Matrigel aliquots on ice prior to dilution in DMEM/F12. When diluted, coat the plates immediately after removing from 4°C storage, and place back in 4°C storage after coating.

Growth factors that influence cell growth and spontaneous differentiation are present in Matrigel, albeit at very low levels, but lot-to-lot variability should be monitored as this could introduce variability in cultures. Internal quality control of lots is recommended.

hPSC culture medium preparation

Stemflex Medium: 450 mL Stemflex Basal Medium+ 50 mL Stemflex Supplement

Stemflex Medium + 1× CloneR

Stemflex Medium + 1× CloneR + 0.5 μg/mL Puromycin

Other widely used hPSC medium, such as mTESR1 (Stemcell Technologies) and E8 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) can be also used for hPSC culture. We use StemFlex medium since it is better to support hPSC single-cell splitting and single-cell clone survival.

0.5 mM EDTA: Used to passage hPSCs. Dilute 0.5 M EDTA into DPBS at a 1:1,000 ratio to make a final concentration of 0.5 mM EDTA. Make freshly each time.

By using the protocol we have successfully generated multiple reporter lines based on H1 hESCs, H9 hESCs or other iPSC lines for our own and for other labs at MSK.

Prepare chemicals for mesoendoderm differentiation (specifically for TBXT-GFP reporter line characterization).

CHIR99021 (15 mM Stock): Dissolve 50 mg CHIR99021 in 7.16 mL DMSO to a final concentration of 15 mM. Divide the solution into 200 μL aliquots and store at −80°C for up to 6 months.

IWP2 (2.5 mM Stock): Dissolve 10 mg IWP2 in 8.57 mL DMSO to a final concentration of 2.5 mM. Divide the solution into 200 μL aliquots and store at −80°C for up to 6 months.

The mesoendoderm differentiation reagents used here is for characterization of TBXT-GFP reporter line which we used as an example. For characterization of other tissue-specific gene reporter line, the specific differentiation protocol is needed.

Key Resources Table

Resource Availability

Lead Contact

Further information and requests for resources and reagents should be directed to and will be fulfilled by the Lead Contact, Ting Zhou (zhout@mskcc.org).

Materials Availability

The H1 TBXT-GFP reporter line generated in this study will be made available on request, but we may require a payment and/or a completed Materials Transfer Agreement if there is potential for commercial application.

Data and Code Availability

This study did not generate or analyze any datasets or code.

Step-By-Step Method Details

sgRNA Cloning and Donor Plasmids Construction

Total Timing: 2 weeks

sgRNA Design

We design sgRNA targets using the Benchling CRISPR Design Tool (https://www.benchling.com/#). The choice of N vs. C terminal tagging should be based on a literature search and the functional properties of the protein of interest. For example, if an important domain is localized to one end, that end should be avoided. The TBXT gene, the example we used in writing the protocol, is an embryonic transcription factor which binds to a specific DNA element through its N terminus (Kispert and Herrmann, 1993). Therefore, we chose its C terminus for tagging.

For TBXT-GFP knockin, the sgRNA target sequence: 5′ ACCTTCCATGTGAAGCAGCA 3′ which the CRISPR is expected to cut right after the STOP codon of the TBXT gene.

sgRNA Cloning

Order Forward and Reverse sgRNA oligos:

Forward: 5′ CACC+ “G+ 20 bp sgRNA sequence” 3′

Reverse: 5′ AAAC+ reverse complement of the “G+ 20 bp sgRNA sequence” 3′

As an example of TBXT-GFP knockin, we order the:

Forward: 5′ CACC+ “G+ ACCTTCCATGTGAAGCAGCA” 3′

Reverse: 5′ AAAC+ “TGCTGCTTCACATGGAAGGT+C” 3′

Oligos annealing. Prepare the following reaction in an Eppendorf tube, put the reaction tube in boiled water for 10 min, and then let the water temperature gradually cool down to 20°C–22°C.

Golden gate cloning to ligate the annealed oligos to PX330 vector. Prepare the following reaction in 0.2 mL PCR tube.

Run the following program in the thermocycler.

Transformation (day 1). Transform the product in Step 2.4 into a competent E. coli strain (Thermo Fisher Cat# C409601) according to the protocol supplied with the competent cells.

Day 2, pick colonies. Use a sterile pipette tip to inoculate a single colony into a 3 mL culture of LB medium with 100 μg/mL Carbenicillin. Incubate and shake the cultures at 37°C for 16–18 h.

Day 3, isolate the plasmid DNA from the cultures by using a QIAprep spin miniprep kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Sequence validation of CRISPR plasmid. Verify the sequence of each colony by sanger sequencing using the U6-Fwd primer: 5′GACTATCATATGCTTACCGT3′.

The sgRNA cloning efficiency is generally high. Normally, there are tens to hundreds of colonies on the plate. Pick two or three colonies should be enough to get the sequence correct sgRNA plasmid.

Make endotoxin free midi-prep plasmid by using ZymoPURE II Plasmid Midiprep Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

A good quality and endotoxin free plasmid is important for successful electroporation in hPSCs.

Donor Plasmid Design

Timing: ∼1–2 weeks

Gibson assembly tool in Snapgene software is a very helpful tool to make the donor plasmid construction strategy. Generally, the donor plasmid contains four parts: (1) the vector backbone; (2) the left homology arm (HAL); (3) the insertion cassette (P2A-H2B-GFP-loxp-PGK-puro-loxp); and (4) the right homology arm (HAR). The structure of the TBXT donor plasmid is shown in Scheme 1.

Scheme 1

The Structure of TBXT Donor Plasmid

Vector backbone. A simple vector backbone, such as PUC57BsaI (Addgene #128859), PUC19 (Addgene #50005), or others can be served for the donor plasmids construction. To generate the TBXT-GFP donor plasmid, we used restriction enzyme SmaI (NEB Cat# R0141S) to linearize the PUC57BsaI vector to process the Gibson cloning.

Homology Left Arm (HAL) and Right Arm (HAR). 400–1,000 bp of HAL and HAR works efficiently for knockin in our hands. The dsDNA of HAL and HAR can be ordered from IDT or other similar companies. To generate the TBXT-GFP donor plasmids, we chose a 400-bp nucleotide sequence before the sgRNA cutting site as HAL, and a 400-bp nucleotide sequence after the sgRNA cutting site as HAR. With this information, we used the Gibson assembly tool in Snapgene software to generate full size of the dsDNA sequence of HAL and HAR with 15 bp identical to the vector backbone and the insert cassette at both sides for the Gibson cloning. The dsDNA sequences of HAL and HAR are listed in Key Resources Table.

The Insertion Cassette (P2A-H2B-GFP-loxp-PGK-puro-loxp). A PCR from an existed donor plasmid is the simplest way to obtain the reporter insertion cassette. To obtain the insertion cassette (P2A-H2B-GFP-loxp-PGK-puro-loxp) for TBXT-GFP reporter, we performed a PCR from a previous published PAX6 donor plasmid (Addgene #105239) using a designed pair of primer Forward (STCLM0014F) and reverse primer (STCLM0015R) (listed in Key Resources Table).

H2B fragment is a nuclear localization signal tag, which allows the H2B fusion protein to localize into the nucleolus. The H2B-GFP fragment is only used for tagging nuclear protein, such as the transcription factors. For tagging a protein that not located in the nucleus, the H2B fragment needs to be removed to allow GFP reflect the subcellular localization of the endogenous protein.

We recommend that whenever possible, choose a sgRNA target site as close as to the KI location. This could not only increase KI efficiency, but the insertion could also disrupt the original sgRNA recognition site. However, if your CRISPR cutting site is far away from the KI location and the insertion does not disrupt the sgRNA target sequence after KI, a silent mutation can be designed on the repair template (eg. on HAL or HAR) to prevent the CRISPR from re-cutting the recombined sequence. To do that, we usually mutate the PAM (NGG) by changing one of the G to an A, T or C (avoid changing NGG to NAG), without changing the resultant amino acid.

Donor Plasmid Cloning

Timing: ∼1–2 weeks

After each part of the donor plasmid are designed and obtained, we used the Gibson cloning method to ligate each part to construct the full donor plasmid.

Gibson assembly reaction. Prepare the following reaction in 0.2 mL PCR tube, and run the 50°C for 30 min, and then hold at 4°C in the thermocycler.

Transform the product in Step 12 into a competent E. coli strain (Thermo Fisher Cat# C409601), according to the protocol supplied with the cells.

Use PCR to screen the positive colonies. Design the PCR primer pairs that one targets the vector backbone, and the other one targets the insert fragment. For TBXT-GFP donor plasmids, we used M13 forward/STCLM0118R and STCLM0072F/ M13 reverse to screen the positive colonies. The sequences of the primers are listed in Key Resources Table.

Pick at least 2 PCR positive colonies using a sterile pipette tip and then inoculate each single colony into a 3 mL culture of LB medium with 100 μg/mL carbenicillin. Incubate and shake the culture at 37°C for 16–18 h.

Isolate the plasmid DNA from cultures by using a QIAprep spin miniprep kit according to the manufacturer's instructions.

Sequence validation of the donor plasmid by using M13 forward, M13 reverse primers and the internal primers. For TBXT-GFP donor plasmid, primers (STCLM0118R, STCLM0072F, STCLM0119F, STCLM0051R and PGK-F) are used for sequencing to validate the whole inserts. The sequencing primers are listed in Key Resources Table.

Make endotoxin free midi-prep plasmid by using ZymoPURE II Plasmid Midiprep Kit according to the manufacturer’s instructions.

A good quality and endotoxin free plasmid is important for successful electroporation in hPSCs.

Plasmids Electroporation and Single-Cell Clone Generation

Total Timing: 20–30 days

When the sgRNA plasmid and donor plasmid are ready, hPSCs can be prepared for the knockin experiment which involves plasmids electroporation, puromycin selection and single-cell clone generation.

Electroporation

Timing: ∼1 h

hPSCs preparation. hPSCs are maintained in StemFlex medium. We routinely passage hPSCs at a ratio of 1:6 every 3–4 days using 0.5 mM EDTA. High quality hPSCs with standard growth rate in the absence of random differentiation are important for achieving highly efficient hPSC electroporation.

hPSCs digestion for electroporation. When the hPSCs reach ∼70%–80% confluency, aspirate the medium, wash the cells once with DPBS, and then add 1 mL Accutase to the cells and incubate at 37°C for 10 min. Add 3 mL of medium and detach cells by slowly pipetting up and down. Collect the cells to a 15 mL conical tube and spin at 120 × g for 3 min. Aspirate the supernatant, add 1 mL StemFlex medium and count the number of cells using the Nexcelom Bioscience Cellometer K2.

Prepare cells and reagents for one electroporation reaction:

2 × 106 cells

Mix the reagents: 82 μL P3 Primary Cell Nucleofector Solution and 18 μL Supplement 1

Plasmids: 4 μg sgRNA plasmids+ 5 μg Donor Plasmids. Eg. We electroporated 4 μg of TBXT-GFP sgRNA and 5 μg of TBXT-GFP donor plasmid for TBXT-GFP reporter line generation.

A single GFP expression plasmid provided in the supplied reagents should be electroporated separately as a positive control for the electroporation.

Scale up accordingly if doing multiple electroporation reactions. In our experience, 70%–80% confluent of one 6-well of hPSCs is ∼4 × 106 cells, which can yield two electroporation reactions.

Transfer the cell mixture to the Nucleocuvette Vessel using a P200 pipet.

Avoid creating bubbles when transferring; if there are bubbles, tap the cuvette gently or manually remove them as bubbles may impact the efficiency of the electroporation.

Transfer the cuvette to the 4D-Nucleofector and electroporate the cells. Select Solution “Primary Cell P3”, Pulse Code “CB-150”, and press “Start”.

Pulse Code for your hPSC lines can be optimized according to the protocol supplied with the reagents. In our hands, Pulse Code “CB-150” with the Solution “Primary Cell P3” is the best condition for H1 and H9 hESCs nucleofection, and the cell survival rate of post-nucleofection in this condition is routinely around 60% calculated by Cellometer K2 Fluorescent Viability Cell Counter.

Lonza 2B-Nucleofector or other Nucleofector equipment that you may have in lab can be also tested for hPSCs electroporation. Lonza 4D-Nucleofector works best for hPSCs electroporation in our hands, considering the electroporation efficiency and cell survival rate.

Using the provided single-use-pipet, transfer the cell mixture from the cuvette to a 15 mL conical tube containing 12 mL of StemFlex + CloneR medium. Rinse the cuvette once with a small amount of StemFlex + CloneR medium using the pipet and transfer to the 15 mL conical tube.

Transfer the 12 mL cells equally to a fresh Matrigel-coated 6-well plate (2 mL cells in each well, and totally six wells). Place the plate in a 37°C, 5% CO2 incubator for 24 h.

Gently shake the plate back and forth and front to back to evenly distribute the cells. Avoid circular motions to prevent concentrating cells in the middle or around the edge of the well.

24 h post electroporation, change to 3 mL fresh StemFlex medium for each well, and check the efficiency of the GFP control plasmid electroporation. We routinely get ∼50% efficiency based on fluoresces microscopic images and flow cytometry results (Figure 1A and 1B).

Figure 1

Electroporation Efficiency of hPSCs

(A) Fluoresces Microscopic analysis of H1 hESCs at 24 h post-electroporation with a GFP expression plasmid included in the P3 Primary Cell 4D-Nucleofector X Kit L. Scale bars, 250 μm.

(B) Flow cytometry analysis of GFP+ hESCs at 24 h post-electroporation.

Puromycin Selection and Collecting the Surviving Clones

Timing: 4–6 days

Continue culturing the cells for 2 or 3 days until the cells reach to 70%–80% confluency (Figure 2A), change to 3 mL StemFlex + puromycin (0.5 mg/mL) + CloneR medium for each of the well.

Figure 2

Representative Images of the Cells after Puromycin Selection

(A) Bright field image of H1 hESCs at 3 days post electroporation with TBXT-GFP sgRNA and donor plasmids. It shows the cells reach to ∼70%–80% density which is the start point for puromycin selection.

(B) Bright field image shows the small survived clones after 6 days of puromycin selection. Scale bars, 250 μm.

Puromycin selection will be continued for the following 4–6 days. A dramatic cell death will happen on the first day of puromycin selection and survived small colonies will appear in each well after 4–6 days selection (Figure 2B).

In rare cases, there are some differentiated colonies after puromycin selection. It is optimal to remove them before collecting and passaging.

After puromycin selection complete, add 1 mL of 0.5 mM EDTA to each well, and leave the plate at 20°C–22°C for 10 min, fully detach the cells in all six wells and collect the cells together in a 15 mL conical tube.

Spin at 120 × g for 3 min. Resuspend the cell pellet in 1 mL StemFlex medium and transfer the cells to one well of a Matrigel-coated 24-well plate.

At the following 2–3 days, culture the cells in StemFlex medium until cells reach ∼80% confluence.

Pause Point: At this point, the cells are in a mixed population which contains corrected knockin cells or other cells. The mixed cells can be collected and frozen. PCR with the mixed population can be performed to confirm the presence of any targeted KI event before splitting for single-cell clone generation.

Single-Cell Clone Generation

Timing: 2–3 weeks

Detach the mixed cell population with Accutase and incubate in 37°C for 10 min. Resuspend the cell pellet in 1 mL of StemFlex media and count the cell number.

We perform single-cell clone generation in Matrigel-coated 96-well plates. For knockin in H1 hESCs, we seeded the cells to 2 × 96-well plates as the number 20 cells/per well. Place the plates in a 37°C, 5% CO2 incubator. We consider this splitting day to be day 0.

The number of splitting cells to each well is the key condition to generate single-cell clones. hPSC single-cell clone survival rate is extremely low when just splitting one cell/per well. However, if you split many cells per well, the clones will merge together so that the resulted “clones” are not actually a single-cell clone. To balance well, we suggest testing the cell number for splitting for your hPSC line before the knockin experiments. 10–20 cells/per well is a good start for testing.

The best condition we have tested for the H1 hESCs cell based single-cell clone generation. As a result, we routinely can get ∼30 clones/per 96-well plate, ∼60 clones for two plates.

StemFlex medium along (without the CloneR or Rock inhibitor) supports for single-cell clone survival and growth in 96-well plate. We try to avoid adding CloneR or Rock inhibitor when it is not necessary since whether CloneR or Rock inhibitor affects pluripotency or cell differentiation of hPSCs it is not fully clear yet.

Day 0 to day 3, do not move the plate.

At day 4, change each well of 96-well plates to 100 μL fresh StemFlex. Tiny colonies will show up.

Day 5-day 7, no need to change medium.

At day 8, change the medium in each well of 96-well plates to 100 μL fresh Stemflex. Around day 7 to day 8, the clones should be discernable easily, where one (the most cases), two or merged clones can be found in each well (Figures 3A–3E). The potential single-cell clones have round edge and without boundary inside a clone (Figure 3A and 3B), while clones of possible two or multiple-cell origin or clones being very close to each other should be excluded (Figures 3C–3E).

Figure 3

Representative Images of Emerging Clones after Splitting with 10–20 Cells/Well of a 96-Well Plate

(A–E) In most cases, you should see one possible single-cell origin clone in one 96-well, similar to the one shown in (A) and (B) around Day 7 (A) and Day 10 (B) respectively. Clone similar to the one shown in (C) and (D) should be avoided because they are most likely of mixed origin. Two clones in close proximity as shown in (E) should also be avoided. Scale bars, 250 μm.

Day 9, no need to change medium.

At day 10, the colonies are usually big enough to be picked (Figure 3B), and split at a ratio of 1:2 (split one clone to two wells of a 96-well plate). There are no digesting enzymes needed. Directly scratch the bottom of the well using a P200 pipet for the splitting. We usually split 20–50 single-cell clones for the follow up assays.

Mark the location of the single-cell clone on the bottom of the well under the microscope. This way you will easily see the location of the clone in culture hood.

Using a P200 pipet, gently scratch the marked location on the bottom of the well in a horizontal, vertical, and a circular motion to detach the clone. Pipet up and down gently once, then transfer and split evenly between two wells of a Matrigel-coated 96-well plate.

Mark the number for the splitted clones, such as “1”, “2”, “3” … for each clone. You have now two copies for each clone.

Place the plates in a 37°C, 5% CO2 incubator.

Clear boundaries can be noticed by eyes if two or more colonies merge together. Do not pick non-single-cell clone in gene editing experiments.

Change to StemFlex medium for the following 2–3 days, and the cell density will be then ∼30%–50% of the well. At this point, 1 copy of each clone is ready for following lysis, PCR and sequencing, and the other copy of each clone is keeping maintained in culture.

Single-Cell Clone Screening by PCR and Sequencing

Total Timing: 3–7 days

Lysis to Collect Genomic DNA

Timing: 2–4 h

Remove medium from each one copy of the clone and wash once by adding ∼100 μL of 1× DPBS.

Remove 1× DPBS wash and add 20 μL of Sigma Lysis Solution for Blood to each well.

Using a P200 pipet, scratch the bottom of the well in a vertical, horizontal, and circular fashion. Slowly transfer cell suspension into the tip and expel into a PCR tube or PCR plate well, labeled respective to the particular clone. (eg. Clone #1 goes into well 1, etc.). Seal tubes/plate.

Change tips for each well when scratching colonies for lysis.

Quickly spin down the PCR tubes or plate and immediately move to a thermal cycler.

Incubate at 75°C for 15 min followed by a 4°C hold.

Carefully remove the seal and add 180 μL of Sigma Neutralization Buffer to each well. Re-seal and store at 4°C until ready for use as PCR template.

The prepared lysis is stable for PCR for at least 6 months in our testing.

PCR to Verify the Positive Single-Cell Clones

Timing: 1–3 days

PCR primers design: there are several ways to design PCR primers to amplify the inserts:

Using a pair of the primers that targets to the nucleotide outside of the both homologous arm (Scheme 2). This will be the idea case since one PCR reaction can detect knockin clones and can also differentiate heterozygous or homozygous knockin clones. However, this PCR amplify product is long (>2 kb) and for some cases the PCR reaction does not work well.

Scheme 2

One pair of the Primers to Amplify the Whole Inserts

Using one primer target to the inserts and the other primer target to the nucleotide outside of homologous arm (Scheme 3). In this way, two PCR reactions (5′-end and 3′-end junction PCR) are needed to verify the inserts, and additional a PCR reaction to detect the WT sequence is also needed for detecting heterozygous or homozygous knockin clones. The benefits of this design is the PCR product is usually <1 kb and it is easier to make the PCR works, but more PCR reactions are need for the screening.

Scheme 3

5′-End and 3′-End Junction PCR Primers Design

In our lab, we use one primer targets to one homologous arm and one other primer targets to the nucleotides outside another homologous arm (Scheme 4). The design is similar as a), but with shorter PCR length.

Scheme 4

Modified PCR Primers Design for Screening Positive Knockin Clones

As the example of PCR screening for H1 TBXT-GFP reporter knockin single-cell clones (Scheme 5): We use primer TBXT-PCR-F1 targets to the HAL, and STCLM0153R targets to the nucleotide outside of the Right homologous arm (HAR) for screening the single-cell clones.

Scheme 5

PCR Primers Design for Screening of Positive TBXT-GFP Clones

For the PCR reaction:

Prepare the PCR mix

We recommend using KOD Xtreme Hot Start DNA Polymerase from EMD Millipore for the lysis PCR reaction to screen positive single-cell clones.

Set the PCR program

Gel electrophoresis for H1 TBXT-GFP single-cell clones.

Clone 1, 9, 10, 13, 16, 19, 20 which only have the larger band (3,227 bp) are homologous knockin clone candidates.

Clone 2, 3, 5, 7, 14, 17, 18, 22 which have the larger band (3,227 bp) and the smaller band (653 bp) are heterozygous knockin clone candidates.

Clone 4, 6, 8, 11, 12, 15, 21 which only have the smaller band (653 bp) are wildtype clone candidates.

Sanger Sequencing Verification for PCR Product

Timing: 2–5 days

For which only have one clear band of the PCR products, we do enzymatic cleanup using ExoSAP before sending for sequencing. Prepare the following reagent, and 37°C for 30 min and then 4°C hold.

For which have two bands of the PCR products, we do gel extraction to purify them before sending for sequencing.

Send the purified PCR product for sequencing to confirm the junctions between the original genomic DNA sequence and the insert sequence and the sequence of the wildtype allele.

An example of H1-TBXT-GFP single-cell clone sequencing and the alignment results are shown in Figures 4A and 4B.

Figure 4

An Example of H1-TBXT-GFP Single-Cell Clone Sequencing Results

(A) Sanger sequencing results with primer TBXT-PCR-F1 confirms the 5′ end junction of the insert in the genome of the single-cell clone 1.

(B) Sanger sequencing results with primer STCLM0072F confirms the 3′ end junction of the insert in the genome of the single-cell clone 1.

To make sure the KI clones are bona fide one-cell origin, a subsequent round of subcloning is required to verify the selected clones are indeed a homogeneous population by Sanger sequencing.

Functional Characterization of the Corrected Knockin Reporter Lines

Total Timing: ∼1 week

For generating tissue-specific reporter line in hPSCs, it is important to perform the functional characterization of the line through tissue-specific differentiation. In this protocol, we generated TBXT-GFP reporter lines based on H1 hESCs. TBXT gene encodes Brachyury, an embryonic nuclear transcription factor involves in the transcriptional regulation of genes required for mesoderm formation and differentiation, and TBXT gene is widely used as a marker gene in hPSC mesoendoderm differentiation (Lian et al., 2013). Here, we performed a one-day mesoendoderm differentiation using an established protocol (Lian et al., 2013) to monitor the GFP signal by imaging and flow cytometry analysis.

Mesoendoderm Differentiation

We performed mesoendoderm differentiation for one homozygous knockin clone (clone #1) and one heterozygous knockin clone (clone #2). When cells are 70%–80% confluency, detach the cells with Accutase and count the cell number.

Freeze all the sequencing-confirmed knockin clones for backing up in case aberrant karyotyping and differentiation happened in the selected clones.

For each clone, split ∼250,000 cells / well to three wells of a Matrigel-coated 24-well plate. The rest of the cells can be expanded or frozen down.

On the next day, add 1 mL of RPMI + B27(-insulin) + 10 μM CHIR99021 medium to each well (Day 0).

Day 1, GFP+ cells can be detected in the differentiated cells under fluorescence microscope, but not in the cells at the undifferentiated stage (Figures 5A–5H).

Figure 5

Functional Characterization of the TBXT Reporter Lines

(A–H) Fluoresces microscopic analysis of a H1 TBXT-GFP homozygous reporter line clone #1 (A–D), and a heterozygous reporter line clone #2 (E–H) before and after mesoendoderm differentiation. Day 0 indicated the cells before differentiation and day 1 indicate the cells after differentiation. Representative bright field and GFP images for Clone #1 at day 0 (A and B), Clone #1 at day 1 (C and D), Clone #2 at day 0 (E and F), and Clone #2 at day 1 (G and H). Scale bars, 250 μm.

The undifferentiated cells (day 0), and the differentiated cells (day 1) was also fixed with BD Cytofix Fixation Buffer at 20°C–22°C for 10 min, and then stained by Brachyury APC-conjugated Antibody for flow cytometry analysis. The results showed >90% of the differentiated cells became Brachyury and GFP double positive, while Brachyury and GFP expression were both negative at day 0, suggesting a faithful GFP expression of the TBXT-GFP reporter line (Figure 6).

Figure 6

Flow Cytometry Analysis of the H1 TBXT-GFP Homozygous Reporter Line Clone #1 and the Heterozygous Reporter Line Clone #2 before and after Mesoendoderm Differentiation

The day 1 differentiated cells showed >90% of Brachyury+GFP+, while both Brachyury and GFP expression were negative at day 0.

Expected Outcomes

We routinely obtain an electroporation efficiency between 33% to 50% using the GFP control plasmid included in the P3 Primary Cell 4D-Nucleofector X Kit L.

We seed 20 cells/well for the H1 hESCs based single-cell clone generation, and routinely obtain around 30 single-cell clones per 96-well plate.

PCR screening results suggest the efficiency of homozygous knockin clones is up to 32%, and heterozygous knockin clones is up to 90%. Variation exits and depends on the different genes and different sgRNA target sites. However, single-cell clones generated in 2 × 96-well plates is usually enough for us to screen the correct knockin clones.

Limitations

The CRISPR vector PX330 (addgene #42230) used in the protocol contains sgRNA expression cassette, as well as a wildtype CAS9 endonuclease (Ran et al., 2013). While it is the most efficient CRISPR tool vector, it creates double-strand break (DSB) in the genome which may potentially cause more off-targets and DNA damage response (Ihry et al., 2018) (Haapaniemi et al., 2018). PX335 (addgene #42335), the SpCas9 nickase (D10A) based the CRISPR vector may be better for your knockin experiments to decrease the DSB side effect. Alternatively, ribonucleoprotein (RNP) which contain Cas9 protein and gRNA generated in vitro may be used (Chen et al., 2016). Since RNP only stay in cells shortly it may also decrease the off-target effects. Using deep sequencing such as whole genome sequencing (Veres et al., 2014) to verify potential random integration of the plasmids and any off-target effect is needed for clinical or transnational use of the edited cells.

Inserting a reporter tag into a gene locus can potentially affect the expression or the function of the gene. If possible, we prefer the 3′ end for knockin and recommend Cre-mediated excision of the drug selection cassette in the final product. We also favor the generation of heterozygous clones. Since CRISPR/Cas9 is very efficient to generate DSB in both alleles in this protocol, expect roughly half of the heterozygous clone candidates to contain indels in the non-KI allele. Therefore, please do not rely on PCR product size but use Sanger sequencing to confirm the sequence of each allele at the edited locus.

Aberrant karyotyping and differentiation ability could exist in some clones. Appropriate characterization is highly recommended.

Troubleshooting

Problem

In Electroporation:

Rampant cell death after electroporation.

Potential Solution

Double check that the electroporation program is optimized for your cell line and media choice. Also, ensure that your plate has been covered with Matrigel for at least an hour.

In Single-Cell Clone generation and Mesoendoderm Differentiation:

My medium choice is different from Stemflex.

Using other medium (ie. mTeSR or E8) is fine. However, the Pulse Code must be optimized for each hPSC cell line and culture medium beforehand when using the 4D-Nucleofector for electroporation reaction. When splitting to single-cell clones, dilute Rock inhibitor in your medium to a concentration of 10 μM before seeding to the 96-well plate. Change to fresh media without Rock inhibitor after 2 days, and every 4 days after.

In Puromycin Selection and Collecting the Surviving Clones:

Cells do not die after antibiotic selection

In our case, dramatic cell death will be apparent in the first 4 days of puromycin selection. If not, either an increase in antibiotic concentration or an increase in days of exposure to the antibiotic could help with this selection.

In Puromycin Selection and Collecting the Surviving Clones:

Cells become ball-like after antibiotic selection

If cells become ball-like, passage once with EDTA. Cells will grow normally after passaging once before splitting to single-cell.

In PCR to verify the positive single-cell clones:

PCR amplify the insert yield no band or non-specific band

Optimize the PCR system or PCR program. If the result does not improve, design and synthesize more pairs of primers and try again.

In Sanger sequencing verification for PCR product:

PCR product sequencing fail.

Amplify more PCR product and using gel extraction to get more clean sequencing sample.

Component	Amount	Final Concentration
PEG-8000	0.75 g	25%
1 M Tris-HCl pH 7.5	1.5 mL	500 mM
2 M MgCl2	75 μL	50 mM
1 M DTT	150 μL	50 mM
100 mM dATP	30 μL	1 mM
100 mM dTTP	30 μL	1 mM
100 mM dCTP	30 μL	1 mM
100 mM dGTP	30 μL	1 mM
100 mM NAD	150 μL	5 mM
ddH2O	To 3 mL

Component	Volume (μL)
5× Isothermal Buffer	80
T5 Exonuclease (10 U/μL)	0.16
Phusion DNA Polymerase (2 U/μL)	5
Taq DNA ligase (40 U/μL)	40
ddH2O	174.84
Total	300

REAGENT or RESOURCE	SOURCE	IDENTIFIER
Antibodies
Human/Mouse Brachyury APC-conjugated Antibody	R&D	IC2085A
Bacterial and Virus Strains
MultiShot™ StripWell TOP10 Chemically Competent E. coli	Thermo Fisher Scientific	C409601
Chemicals, Peptides, and Recombinant Proteins
Matrigel hESC-Qualified Matrix	Corning	354277
EDTA	Fisher Scientific	MT-46034CI
CHIR99021	TOCRIS	4423
IWP2	TOCRIS	3533
B-27 Supplement, minus insulin	Fisher Scientific	A1895601
CloneR	Stemcell Technologies	05888
PEG-8000	Fisher Scientific	65-101-KG
1 M Tris-HCl pH 7.5	Fisher Scientific	15567027
2 M MgCl2	Sigma	M1028
1 M DTT	Sigma	10197777001
100 mM dATP, dTTP, dCTP, dGTP	Fisher Scientific	50-183-024
100 mM NAD	Sigma	10127965001
Carbenicillin	Thermo Fisher Scientific	10177012
Puromycin	Fisher Scientific	A1113803
Critical Commercial Assays
KOD Xtreme Hot Start DNA Polymerase	EMD Millipore	71975-3
BbsI-HF	NEB	R3539S
SmaI	NEB	R0141S
Q5 High Fidelity 2× Master Mix	NEB	M0492L
OneTaq Hot Start Quick-Load 2X Master Mix with GC Buffer	NEB	M0489L
Cell Culture PBS (1×)	Fisher Scientific	MT21040CV
Stemflex Medium	Thermo Fisher Scientific	A3349401
DMEM/F12	Fisher Scientific	MT10092CV
Accutase	Innovative Cell Technologies	AT104
RPMI 1640 Medium with L-Glutamine	Fisher Scientific	MT10041CV
Lysis Solution for Blood	Sigma	L3289
Neutralization Solution for Blood	Sigma	N9784
Gibson Assembly Master Mix	NEB	E2611S
Taq DNA ligase	NEB	M0208L
T5 Exonuclease	NEB	M0363L
Phusion High Fidelity DNA Polymerase	NEB	M0530L
BD Cytofix Fixation Buffer	BD Bioscience	554655
LB Broth Base	Thermo Fisher Scientific	12780052
P3 Primary Cell 4D-Nucleofector X Kit L	Lonza	V4XP-3024
QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit	Qiagen	28706
QIAprep Spin Miniprep Kit	Qiagen	27106
QIAprep Plasmid Midi Kit	Qiagen	12145
QIAquick Gel Extraction Kit	Qiagen	28706
Experimental Models: Cell Lines
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)	N/A	N/A
H1 hESCs (to generateTBXT-GFP reporter line)	WiCell	WA01
Oligonucleotides
Primer: M13 Forward5′ GTTTTCCCAGTCACGAC 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: STCLM0118R5′ CTGAACTTGTGGCCGTTTACG 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: STCLM0072F5′ CGCAGCAACAGATGGAAGG 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: M13 reverse5′ CGGATAACAATTTCACACAG 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: STCLM0119F5′ CCGACAACCACTACCTGAGC 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: STCLM0051R5′ AATGTGTGCGAGGCCAGAG 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: hPGK-F5′ CATTCTGCACGCTTCAAAAGC 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: STCLM0153R5′ CTAAAACCTGCTGTCCTCAACTATG 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: TBXT-PCR-F15′ CTACACACCCCTCACCCATC 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: TBXT-PCR-R15′ TAACCTGAGACTGCCACTGG 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: U6-Fwd5′ GACTATCATATGCTTACCGT 3′	This Paper	N/A
H1-TBXT-GFP sgRNA target:5′ ACCTTCCATGTGAAGCAGCA 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: STCLM0014F5′ CTCGAGGATATCGGCAGCGGCGCCACCAACT 3′	This Paper	N/A
Primer: STCLM0015R5′ GTCGACATAACTTCGTATAGCATACAT 3′	This Paper	N/A
H1-TBXT-GFP Donor-HAL:5′gcagtcgacgggcccACCTGTTTGAAAGAAGAAAACTGTCATATTACACAGTCACTCCGAATGGGATTTCTGGTGTGTTTTTCCATCCTTAGCTGGCCTGCAGCCCCTGCCCAGGCCCTGCTCACTGGTGTCTTTCTGTTGCAGTCAGTACCCCAGCCTGTGGTCTGTGAGCAACGGCGCCGTCACCCCGGGCTCCCAGGCAGCAGCCGTGTCCAACGGGCTGGGGGCCCAGTTCTTCCGGGGCTCCCCCGCGCACTACACACCCCTCACCCATCCGGTCTCGGCGCCCTCTTCCTCGGGATCCCCACTGTACGAAGGGGCGGCCGCGGCCACAGACATCGTGGACAGCCAGTACGACGCCGCAGCCCAAGGCCGCCTCATAGCCTCATGGACACCTGTGTCGCCACCTTCCATGctcgaggatatcggc 3′	This Paper	N/A
H1-TBXT-GFP Donor HAR:5′cgaagttatgtcgacAGCAGCAAGGCCCAGGTCCCGAAAGATGCAGTGACTTTTTGTCGTGGCAGCCAGTGGTGACTGGATTGACCTACTAGGTACCCAGTGGCAGTCTCAGGTTAAGAAGGAAATGCAGCCTCAGTAACTTCCTTTTCAAAGCAGTGGAGGAGCACACGGCACCTTTCCCCAGAGCCCCAGCATCCCTTGCTCACACCTGCAGTAGCGGTGCTGTCCCAGGTGGCTTACAGATGAACCCAACTGTGGAGATGATGCAGTTGGCCCAACCTCACTGACGGTGAAAAAATGTTTGCCAGGGTCCAGAAACTTTTTTTGGTTTATTTCTCATACAGTGTATTGGCAACTTTGGCACACCAGAATTTGTAAACTCCACCAGTCCTACTTTAGTGAGATAAAAAGCACAgggatccgatatcta3′	This Paper	N/A
Recombinant DNA
PX330	Addgene	42230
PX335	Addgene	42335
PUC57BsaI	Addgene	128859
PUC19	Addgene	50005
PAX6 donor plasmid	Addgene	105239
Software and Algorithms
SnapGene	SnapGene	https://www.snapgene.com/
Other
4D-Nucleofector X Unit	Lonza	AAF-1002X
4D-Nucleofector Core Unit	Lonza	AAF-1002B
Cellometer K2 Fluorescent Viability Cell Counter	Nexcelom Bioscience	N/A

Component	Volume (μL)
NEB buffer 2	10
sgRNA top (100 μM)	1
sgRNA bottom (100 μM)	1
ddH2O	88
Total	100

Components	Volume(μL)
PX330(100 ng/μL)	0.25
Annealed oligos	0.5
Tango buffer, 10×	0.5
DTT, 10 mM	0.5
ATP, 10 mM	0.5
FastDigest BbsI	0.25
T7 ligase	0.125
ddH2O	2.375
Total	5

Temperature	Time	Cycles
37°C	5 min	7 cycles
23°C	5 min
16°C	Hold

Components	Amount
Gibson master mix	15 μL
pUC57 vector backbone	50 ng
Fragment1 (HAL)	50 ng
Fragment2 (HAR)	50 ng
Fragment3 (GFP)	50 ng
ddH2O	to 20 μL
Total	20 μL

Components	Amount (μl)
2× Xtreme™ Buffer	12.5
dNTPs (2 mM each)	5
KOD Taq	0.5
Cell lysate	2
Primer	0.75
ddH2O	4.25
Total	25

PCR Cycling Conditions
Steps	Temperature	Time	Cycles
Initial Denaturation	94°C	4 min	1
Denaturation	98°C	10 s	35 cycles
Annealing	64°C	30 s
Extension	68°C	3 min 20 s
Final Extension	68°C	5 min	1
Hold	4°C	Forever

Components	Amount (μL)
PCR product	9
ExoSAP	1
Total	10