Fernanda Rauber1,2,3, Kiara Chang4, Eszter P Vamos4, Maria Laura da Costa Louzada5,6, Carlos Augusto Monteiro5,6, Christopher Millett5,4, Renata Bertazzi Levy5,7. 1. Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-904, Brazil. rauber.fernanda@gmail.com. 2. Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, 01246-904, Brazil. rauber.fernanda@gmail.com. 3. Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W6 8RP, UK. rauber.fernanda@gmail.com. 4. Public Health Policy Evaluation Unit, School of Public Health, Imperial College London, London, W6 8RP, UK. 5. Center for Epidemiological Research in Nutrition and Health, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-904, Brazil. 6. Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 715, São Paulo, 01246-904, Brazil. 7. Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, 01246-903, Brazil.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the associations between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of obesity among UK adults. METHODS: Participants aged 40-69 years at recruitment in the UK Biobank (2006-2019) with dietary intakes collected using 24-h recall and repeated measures of adiposity--body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and percentage of body fat (% BF)--were included (N = 22,659; median follow-up: 5 years). Ultra-processed foods were identified using the NOVA classification and their consumption was expressed as a percentage of total energy intake. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of several indicators of obesity according to ultra-processed food consumption. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics. RESULTS: 947 incident cases of overall obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and 1900 incident cases of abdominal obesity (men: WC ≥ 102 cm, women: WC ≥ 88 cm) were identified during follow-up. Participants in the highest quartile of ultra-processed food consumption had significantly higher risk of developing overall obesity (HR 1.79; 95% CI 1.06─3.03) and abdominal obesity (HR 1.30; 95% CI 1.14─1.48). They had higher risk of experiencing a ≥ 5% increase in BMI (HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.20─1.43), WC (HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.25─1.45) and %BF (HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.03─1.25), than those in the lowest quartile of consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence that higher consumption of ultra-processed food is strongly associated with a higher risk of multiple indicators of obesity in the UK adult population. Policy makers should consider actions that promote consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods and reduce consumption of ultra-processed foods.
OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the associations between ultra-processed food consumption and risk of obesity among UK adults. METHODS:Participants aged 40-69 years at recruitment in the UK Biobank (2006-2019) with dietary intakes collected using 24-h recall and repeated measures of adiposity--body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC) and percentage of body fat (% BF)--were included (N = 22,659; median follow-up: 5 years). Ultra-processed foods were identified using the NOVA classification and their consumption was expressed as a percentage of total energy intake. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HR) of several indicators of obesity according to ultra-processed food consumption. Models were adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle characteristics. RESULTS: 947 incident cases of overall obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) and 1900 incident cases of abdominal obesity (men: WC ≥ 102 cm, women: WC ≥ 88 cm) were identified during follow-up. Participants in the highest quartile of ultra-processed food consumption had significantly higher risk of developing overall obesity (HR 1.79; 95% CI 1.06─3.03) and abdominal obesity (HR 1.30; 95% CI 1.14─1.48). They had higher risk of experiencing a ≥ 5% increase in BMI (HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.20─1.43), WC (HR 1.35; 95% CI 1.25─1.45) and %BF (HR 1.14; 95% CI 1.03─1.25), than those in the lowest quartile of consumption. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings provide evidence that higher consumption of ultra-processed food is strongly associated with a higher risk of multiple indicators of obesity in the UK adult population. Policy makers should consider actions that promote consumption of fresh or minimally processed foods and reduce consumption of ultra-processed foods.
Entities:
Keywords:
Cohort study; Food processing; Obesity; Ultra-processed food; United kingdom
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