Treatment Decision-Making of Secondary Prevention After Venous Thromboembolism: Data From the Real-Life START2-POST-VTE Register.

Patients with venous thromboembolism (VTE) should receive a decision on the duration of anticoagulant treatment (AT) that is often not easy to make. Sixteen Italian clinical centers included patients with recent VTE in the START2-POST-VTE register and reported the decisions taken on duration of AT in each patient and the reasons for them. At the moment of this report, 472 (66.9%) of the 705 patients included in the registry were told to stop AT in 59.3% and to extend it in 40.7% of patients. Anticoagulant treatment lasted ≥3 months in >90% of patients and was extended in patients with proximal deep vein thrombosis because considered at high risk of recurrence or had thrombophilic abnormalities. d-dimer testing, assessment of residual thrombus, and patient preference were also indicated among the criteria influencing the decision. In conclusion, Italian doctors stuck to the minimum 3 months AT after VTE, while the secondary or unprovoked nature of the event was not seen as the prevalent factor influencing AT duration which instead was the result of a complex and multifactorial evaluation of each patient.

Introduction

Venous thromboembolism (VTE), which includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and/or pulmonary embolism (PE), is a frequent and severe disease whose incidence in developed countries is as high as 1 to 2 per 1000 persons per year. Venous thromboembolism is an acute disease that may have variable early and late outcomes after initial presentation. Patients with acute VTE need immediate active anticoagulant treatment (AT) that is currently performed using different drugs. Guidelines unanimously recommend at least 3 to 6 months to adequately treat the acute episode.[1-4] An extended treatment may be indicated in some patients to prevent delayed recurrence. Although anticoagulation is highly effective against recurrence, its benefit unfortunately is lost after discontinuation, regardless of duration.[5,6] Recurrence rate after a first VTE is generally high, with a cumulative incidence after interrupted anticoagulation that may reach 18%, 25%, and even 30% after 2, 5, and 8 years, respectively.[7]

The risk of VTE recurrence is not the same in all patients after a first VTE. Extended anticoagulation beyond the first 3 to 6 months of therapy should be considered in some patients, such as those with unprovoked events or with a persistent risk factor for VTE, because of their high risk of recurrence though not in all patients. Conversely, it is not indicated in patients who may have low risk of recurrence or high risk of bleeding when receiving anticoagulant therapies, thus avoiding the associated risk of bleeding.[2] The decision on whether to stop anticoagulation after the first 3 to 6 months from the acute event or to extend it indefinitely (with periodical reassessment of patient condition) will depend on carefully assessing the risk of recurrence against that of bleeding. However, estimating the risks of recurrent VTE if AT is discontinued and that of bleeding complications if AT is extended is not an easy task for any treating physician. Recent reports, with data coming from different countries, confirm a wide variability in the practice of physicians as regards AT duration in management of patients with VTE.[8,9] Although it is relevant to assess to what extent physicians follow the guidelines on this issue, it is also very important to understand how the treating physicians tackle the issue in daily clinical practice; many factors may influence their decision, such as personal experience, confidence in guideline recommendations, and patient characteristics and preferences.

The aim of the START2 POST-VTE register study is to investigate how Italian physicians deal with this issue; in particular, when they take a decision on duration of AT after a recent VTE episode, which decision is taken and why, and what happens during follow-up of the patients. The present analysis examined only the patients who had already received a decision on AT at the moment of analysis.

Materials and Methods

The START2 Register (Survey on anticoagulated pAtients RegisTer; NCT02219984) is a multicenter, prospective, observational ongoing registry which is described in detail elsewhere.[10]

The START2 POST-VTE is a branch of the START2-Register that includes patients with recent VTE episode who have given their written informed consent. Nine thrombosis centers affiliated to the Italian Federation of Anticoagulation Clinics participated in the START2 POST-VTE register, together with 4 centers operating in Angiology departments, 2 centers in departments of Internal Medicine and 1 vascular professional doctor (listed in Appendix A). All the attending physicians were expert vascular doctors.

The patient information was electronically collected in strictly anonymous form in the central database of the registry. The inclusion of patients started in April 2017. At inclusion of each patient physicians participating in the registry were asked to collect: demographic and clinical characteristics, associated risk factors for bleeding and thrombotic complications, routine laboratory data, type, site and clinical aspects of the index VTE episode and time of its occurrence, type of anticoagulant therapy used, and presence of concomitant drugs. Laboratory tests, all optional, were performed by local hospital laboratories. When to take the decision on AT duration was left to the discretion of the attending physicians, who had to declare (a) when they evaluated the patient after index event to decide on duration of AT, (b) what their decision was, and (c) the reasons for the decision. Participating doctors were also asked to follow-up the patients for at least 6 months after the decision was taken.

To evaluate whether and to what extent the presence of comorbid conditions may have influenced the physician’s decision to extend anticoagulation or to stop any treatment, we calculated the Charlson’s weighted comorbidity index score, that combines both age and comorbidity.[11] We decided to stratify the weighted comorbidity index into 3 classes: mild, for patients with scores 0 to 1; moderate, for patients with scores 2 to 4; and severe, for patients with scores ≥5.

Statistical Analysis

Descriptive analysis was performed. Continuous variables are expressed as median with interquartile range (IQR) or as mean plus or minus standard deviation (SD). Categorical variables are expressed as frequencies and percentages. Preliminary statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test (continuous variables) or Fisher exact test (categorical data). A P value <.05 was considered statistically significant. Univariate logistic regression analysis was performed to explore the association between the clinical condition and the decision of extending AT. All variables were subsequently entered into a multivariable analysis, and a multiple logistic regression with backward selection was performed to identify the most relevant factors associated with the decision of longer courses of anticoagulation. The results were given as OR with their 95% CI. A P < .05 was considered statistically significant. The SPSS software for Windows, version 25 (SPSS Inc) is used for data processing.

Results

Participant Centers and Baseline Patient Characteristics

At the time of the present analysis (June 30, 2019), 705 patients with VTE were included in the registry. At that moment, 472 (66.9%) of them had already received a decision on duration of AT, whereas the remaining 233 patients had not (206 of them were on AT <180 days, and 27 for >180). The present analysis examined only the 472 patients who had received a decision on AT. Their baseline characteristics are shown in Table 1. The median age was 68 years. In about two-thirds of patients, the index VTE episode was proximal DVT, with or without PE, whereas in 20% it was isolated distal DVT and in 10.8% of cases isolated PE. The events were considered secondary or idiopathic almost in the same proportion (52% and 48%, respectively). The large majority of patients (83%) received a direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) as anticoagulant drug—in many cases rivaroxaban, the first of these drugs available for this indication in our country—while very few received VKAs (6%). A few patients (7.7%) also received low-dose acetylsalicylic acid (ASA). The presence of at least one comorbidity or risk factor was frequent in the patients (43.9%). At inclusion, the physicians were also asked to give an evaluation on the risk of bleeding and recurrent VTE for each patient. These risks were estimated and reported in only 60% of the patients and were judged to be low/intermediated in the majority of cases (83.4% and 67.8%, for bleeding and recurrent events, respectively); however, in a non-negligible portion of patients, the physicians declared they were unable to evaluate these individual risks (4.5% and 7.1%, respectively).

Table 1.

Baseline Characteristics of Investigated Patients.

Patients	n = 472
Age at index event, median (IQR) years	68 (52-78)
<60 years, %	34.3
60-69 years, %	21.6
70-79 years, %	26.1
≥80 years, %	18.0
Men, %	54.0
Site of index event, %
DVT (proximal)	57.1
DVT + PE	14.4
Isolated PE	10.8
Isolated distal DVT	17.7
Nature of index event
Idiopathic, n (%)	237 (50.2)
Secondary, n (%)	235 (49.8)
Bed resting (>3 days, within 3 months)	37.7
Immobilization (within 3 months)	13.2
Major surgery (within 3 months)	17.6
Cancer	12.1
Combined hormonal therapy	7.8
Chronic inflammatory diseases	6.2
Laparoscopic surgery	1.4
Long journey	0.5
Other	3.5
Type of anticoagulant treatment, %
VKA	7.2
LMWH/Fondaparinux	11.2
DOACs	81.6
Apixaban	27.8
Dabigatran	12.6
Edoxaban	13.2
Rivaroxaban	46.4
Presence of comorbidities or risk factors, %
None	58.3
Previous TIA/stroke episode	3.8
Previous major bleeding episode	3.8
Hypertension (drug treatment)	39.1
Diabetes	9.5
Ischemic heart/peripheral diseases	3.4/1.9
Heart failure	1.7
Chronic inflammatory diseases	4.7
Active cancer	7.6 8
Renal function (mL/min, median [IQR])	4 (62; 105)
Severe renal insufficiency (<30 mL/min)	1.6
Moderate renal insufficiency (30-60 mL/min)	20.8
Thrombophilic alterations	17.8
Evaluated risk of:
Bleeding, %
Low/intermediate	90.5
High	4.0
Not assessable	5.5
Recurrent VTE, %
Low/intermediate	70.1
High	25.3
Not assessable	4.6

Abbreviations: DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; IQR, interquartile range; LMWH, low-molecular-weight heparin; PE, pulmonary embolism; TIA, transient ischemic attack; VKA, vitamin K antagonist; VTE, venous thromboembolism.

Results of Patient Examination and Decision on Duration of Anticoagulant Treatment

Table 2 shows the characteristics of the patients recommended to discontinue or extend AT. The time interval from starting AT and the moment of examination was 181 ± 164 days (mean ± SD). In 59.3% of patients, the decision was to stop anticoagulation. The duration of AT already performed at the time of examination was shorter in these patients than in those in whom the decision was to extend anticoagulation, thus suggesting that in many cases the treating physician had already made up his mind from early treatment. Almost half of patients who discontinued anticoagulation had an index event that was considered idiopathic, and a similar proportion of patients extended treatment with an event that was associated with strong risk factors such as prolonged bed resting, major surgery, and chronic inflammatory disease. Anticoagulation was discontinued in a high proportion of patients with isolated distal DVT. No significant differences were found in the type of anticoagulant drug used and the concomitant antiplatelet treatment. At least one comorbidity or risk factor was equally present in patients who extended or stopped anticoagulation (9.8% and 9.1%, respectively). Many patients with thrombophilic alterations were recommended to extend anticoagulation. When the Charlson weighted comorbidity index (that included both the presence of comorbidities and age-classes) was calculated, more patients with a mild risk score (0-1 factor) discontinued anticoagulation (P = .0001), whereas more patients with moderate score (2-4 factors) extended therapy. As expected, high bleeding or recurrence risks were closely associated with discontinuation or extension of AT, respectively.

Table 2.

Patients Examined by Treating Physicians and Recommended to Discontinue or Extend Anticoagulant Treatment.

	Patients AC discontinued, 280 (59.3)	Patients AC extended, 192 (40.7)	P a
Age, median (IQR) years	67 (51-78)	69 (57-78)
Duration of treatment at the moment patients were examined (months, mean ± SD)	8 ± 7.1	11.2 ± 10.4	.0001
<3 months (%)	8.7	9.2
3-6 months	54.5	34.4	.0003
7-12 months	29.3	28.1
>12 months	7.5	28.2	.0001
Site of index event, %
Proximal DVT	53.4	60.8
DVT + PE	11.1	17.6
Isolated PE	8.4	13.2	.03
Distal DVT	27.1	8.3	.001
Nature of index event:
Unprovoked, n (%)	129 (46.1)	108 (56.3)	.03
Provoked	151 (53.9)	84 (43.7)
Bed resting (>3 days, within 3 months)	33.1	42.3
Immobilization (within 3 months)	25.1	0.8	.001
Major surgery (within 3 months)	18.0	16.6
Combined hormonal therapy	13.0	3.2	.02
Laparoscopic surgery	0.4	2.4
Long travel	-	1.0
Persisting major factors
Cancer	6.0	18.6	.003
Chronic inflammatory diseases	4.4	9.8
Other	-	5.6
Type of anticoagulant treatment, %
VKA	5.5	8.9
LMWH/Fondaparinux	7.8	14.6
DOACs	86.7	76.5
Apixaban	21.0	26.0
Dabigatran	14.6	4.2
Edoxaban	10.0	13.0
Rivaroxaban	41.1	33.3
Concomitant antiplatelet treatment %	8.2	7.3
Presence of comorbidities/risk factors %
None	60.7	54.6
Previous TIA/stroke episode	2.1	5.2
Previous major bleeding episode	2.5	3.1
Hypertension (drug treatment)	37.1	41.1
Diabetes	9.8	9.9
Ischemic heart/peripheral diseases	3.2/1.1	3.6/3.1
Heart failure	1.4	2.1
Chronic inflammatory diseases	3.2	6.8
Active cancer	5.9	7.3
Renal function (mL/min, median [IQR])	84 (62.2-112)	84 (62.2-105.7)
Severe renal insufficiency (<30 mL/min) (%)	1.7	1.5
Moderate renal insufficiency (30-60 mL) (%)	18.6	23.0
Thrombophilia abnormalities	13.0	22.5	.008
High risk of bleeding, %	7.5	0.5	.002
High risk of recurrent VTE, %	8.6	42.1	.0001
Charlson’s weighted comorbidity index, score
0-1 (mild)	97 (34.6)	47 (24.5)	.0001
2-4 (moderate)	100 (35.7)	87 (45.3)	.004
≥5 (severe)	83 (29.6)	58 (30.2)

Abbreviations: AC, anticoagulation treatment; DOAC, direct oral anticoagulant; DVT, deep venous thrombosis; LMWH, low-molecular weight heparin; PE, pulmonary embolism; TIA, transient ischemic attack; VKA, vitamin K antagonist; VTE, venous thromboembolism.

a Only significant results are shown.

At the moment of examination or shortly before, only a few patients were recommended to perform tests, including d-dimer testing, compression ultrasonography of deep leg veins (46.5% of patients with DVT), echocardiography, and/or pulmonary perfusion scintigraphy (26% and 4% of patients with PE, respectively).

To identify the most relevant factors associated with the decision of longer courses of anticoagulation, a univariate analysis was performed. Subsequently, a multivariate analysis with backward selection showed that thrombophilia abnormalities, proximal DVT as index event and evaluation of high recurrence risk were independently associated with the decision of extending AT, whereas isolated distal DVT as index event was a factor associated with a decision to discontinue AT (Table 3).

Table 3.

Factors Associated With Longer Courses of Anticoagulation: Univariate and Multivariate Logistic Analysis.

Factors	Univariate			Multivariate
	OR	95% CI	P	OR	95% CI	P
Agea	1.7	0.90–2.0	.07	2.1	0.80–5.8	.1
Thrombophilia abnormalities	2.5	1.4–5.1	.002	2.5	1.3–4.7	.003
Unprovoked event	1.8	1.1–6.2	.01	1.5	0.61–4.6	.3
Proximal DVT	2.1	1.3–4.1	.03	1.8	1.1–3.2	.04
Distal DVT	0.7	0.58–0.79	.01	0.2	0.72–0.82	.02
Isolated PE	2.8	1.5–5.4	.02	2.6	0.85–7.8	.06
Charlson’s score (moderate)b	1.7	1.2–6.3	.05	1.7	0.58–4.9	.3
High risk of VTE recurrencec	2.8	1.3–5.1	.01	2.2	1.1–4.6	.04

Abbreviations: DVT, deep vein thrombosis; PE, pulmonary embolism; VTE, venous thromboembolism.

a Age is considered as continuous variable.

b Charlson’s score moderate class versus mild/high classes.

c Individual thrombotic risk assessment of patients formulated by the treating physicians.

What Physicians Declared About the Reason/s for the Decision

Table 4 shows the reasons put forward by physicians to support their decision on discontinuation (Table 4A) or extension (Table 4B) of anticoagulation treatment. In most cases (almost 82% of patients), the decision to stop anticoagulation was laid out at the beginning of AT. In almost one-third of patients, the risk of recurrence was considered so low as to discourage treatment extension. Physician or patient preference to stop AT was also taken into account (altogether about 28% of cases). Less frequently, the risk of bleeding complications was reported as a reason for withdrawing AT. In less than one-fourth of patients, a different antithrombotic treatment was suggested after the standard AT was stopped (including sulodexide or ASA).

Table 4.

Reasons Given by Treating Physicians to Support Discontinuation (A) or Extension (B) of Anticoagulation Treatment (More Than One Reason May Have Been Attributed to the Same Patient).

A. Discontinuation
Total patients, n (%)	280
Males	137 (49.2)
Age years, median (IQR)	67 (51-78)
End of the planned treatment period	229 (81.8)
Low risk of recurrence	81 (28.9)
Treating physician’s preference	49 (17.5)
Negative d-dimer procedure	45 (16.1)
Patient preference	30 (10.7)
High bleeding risk	21 (7.5)
Tendency to fall	11 (3.9)
Presence of contraindications to extended treatment	10 (3.6)
Use of a predictive score	9 (3.2)
Major bleeding event (previous or during anticoagulation)	4 (1.4)
Patient moved to another place	3 (1.2
Lost to follow-up	1 (0.4)
Patients addressed to a different drug treatment, n (%)	64 (22.8)
ASA 100 mg	14
Sulodexide	50
B. Extension
Total patients, n (%)	198
Males	117 (60.9)
Age years, median (IQR)	69 (57-78)
Unprovoked index event was	65 (33.8)
Presence of residual vein thrombosis	40 (20.8)
Recurrent VTE	37 (19.3)
Low bleeding risk	36 (18.7)
Positive d-dimer	34 (17.7)
Use of a predictive score	17 (8.8)
Post-thrombotic syndrome	16 (8.3)
Thrombophilia abnormalities	16 (8.3)
The index event was very serious	15 (7.8)
Patient preference	13 (6.8)
Positive family history for VTE	11 (5.7)
Other clinical indications for anticoagulation	11 (5.7)
Treating physician’s preference	7 (3.6)
Active cancer	5 (2.6)
Vena cava filter	1 (0.5)
Pulmonary hypertension	1 (0.5)
Treatment prescribed for extended anticoagulation
VKA	6
LMWH/Fondaparinux	13
Apixaban 5 mg BID	67
Apixaban 2.5 mg BID	26
Dabigatran 150 mg BID	3
Edoxaban 60 mg OID	25
Rivaroxaban 20 mg OID	58

Abbreviations: IQR, interquartile range; VTE, venous thromboembolism.

Table 4 reasons given by treating physicians to support discontinuation (A) or extension (B) of anticoagulation treatment (more than one reason may have been attributed to the same patient).

The most frequent condition leading to AT extension (Panel B) was the unprovoked nature of the index event, followed by the presence of residual vein thrombosis and the fact that the event was a recurrent VTE. In general, AT was extended by using the same drug as before; however, in 26 patients receiving apixaban (about one-third of those who were treated with this DOAC), the dose was reduced from 5 to 2.5 mg, twice daily.

The attending physicians were also asked to choose among prespecified general criteria they often used to inform their decision. Only one participant said he followed the recommendations of the ACCP guidelines.[2] The majority of participants (45%) chose the global term “Management” as a general criterion adopted, which included personal and clinical characteristics of the patient, results of objective tests (especially Compression UltraSonography), laboratory tests (especially d-dimer and thrombophilia assays), and assessment of individual bleeding and thrombotic risks. Many participants (30%) said they used d-dimer assay after anticoagulation was temporarily stopped to decide whether to definitively stop or resume anticoagulation. Very few participants (4%) used one of the available predictive scores (DASH, Vienna or Khorana scores). A significant proportion of participants (about 20%) refused to declare the prevalent criterion for their decision.

Discussion

Starting on April 2017, the START POST-VTE registry included patients with a recent VTE episode, focusing in particular on the decisions taken by their treating physicians regarding anticoagulation duration, and the reasons guiding those decisions. More than 80% of the included patients were treated with a DOAC, whereas only 6% received a VKA, thus proving that most Italian doctors currently prefer DOACs over VKAs for acute and long-term treatment of patients with VTE. International guidelines recommend that patients with acute VTE should receive AT for no less than 3 months.[2] The results in our cohort are in line with this recommendation, since very few patients (7.2%), mainly those presenting with isolated distal DVT, stopped anticoagulation within 3 months of treatment. The achieved adherence to not less than 3 months duration of AT as recommended by guidelines should be underlined, since a high prevalence of patients receiving AT for less than 3 months (involving more than 20% of the investigated patients) is reported in the literature.[12,13]

The decision on AT duration was taken at a median time of 181 ± 164 days from inclusion in the registry and was to stop AT in 59.3% of patients. This timing for the decision may look somewhat late since it might rather have been expected 3 months after AT. However, we are convinced that it represents the practice of most Italian physicians who deem 6 months AT as minimum duration after a VTE event. Furthermore, it does not go against international guidelines, since they unanimously recommend “no less” than 3 months[2,4] or more explicitly, 3 to 6 months for long-term treatment.[3] It is interesting to note, however, that 40% of patients who discontinued anticoagulation did so after 6 months of the index event and at least 2 factors, in our view, may have contributed to this: first, as mentioned before, many Italian doctors are convinced that patients with VTE need to receive about 6 months of AT, though its prolongation, albeit of little benefit, cannot do any harm; second, our national health service does not explicitly recommend or support the practice of reexamining all patients 3 to 6 months after a VTE episode and so treatment may continue beyond that period.

The present study showed that 40.7% of patients were recommended to extend anticoagulation; more than 50% of them were notified when AT had already lasted >6 months, thus indicating that the physicians had already made up their minds to extend AT and were not particularly waiting for feedback after 3 to 6 months of therapy.

Current international guidelines suggest an extended AT in patients with unprovoked events,[2] or when the risk of recurrent events is classified as intermediate or high,[4] provided that the risk of bleeding complications is not high. Conversely, an important part of our patient cohort (43.7%), in whom AT was extended, had an index VTE event that was provoked, whereas treatment was discontinued in a similar proportion (46.1%) of patients whose event was idiopathic. These findings show that our participating doctors do not deem the provoked or unprovoked nature of the event as the only or even prevalent factor for deciding on duration of anticoagulation. Recent important scientific reports support this view. In the EINSTEIN CHOICE study, assessing the efficacy and safety of rivaroxaban (at standard or reduced daily dose) or aspirin use for extended treatment, more than half of all included patients had provoked VTE events.[14] A recent study analyzing the risk of recurrent VTE according to baseline risk factor profiles concluded that “Recurrence rates in patients with VTE provoked by minor persistent or minor transient risk factors were not significantly lower than that with unprovoked VTE. Therefore, such patients may also benefit from extended anticoagulation therapy.”[15] Recent results of data from a nationwide Danish cohort showed that the long-term (10 years) cumulative risk of recurrent VTE was not much lower after provoked (about 16%) versus unprovoked (about 20%) events.[16] Finally, in a recent commentary, distinguished colleagues recommended stopping “dichotomizing” VTE events as provoked or unprovoked.[17]

Although—in our results—age was not a criterion for preferring 1 of the 2 treatment options, other patient and/or event characteristics have influenced the decision on AT duration, as shown by the multivariate regression analysis. As expected, patients with distal DVT more frequently stopped AT. Conversely, AT was preferentially extended when the index event was a proximal DVT, when risk of recurrent events was judged to be high, when thrombophilic alterations were present. In line with what some clinical studies have suggested,[18-20] one-third of all investigators used d-dimer testing to assess the risk of recurrent events and help inform decision on duration of anticoagulation. However, the general impression is that the participant physicians used the results of d-dimer testing not as single criterion for the decision; they mainly evaluated the results in the context of other patient and/or event characteristics. In contrast, clinical prediction rules were seldom used by investigators to help in their decision. The presence of residual vein thrombosis was a condition reported in about 20% of patients referred for extended AT; this was in line with many scientific data pointing to a relationship between the persistence of a residual thrombus and an increased risk of thrombosis recurrence.[21-23]

On the basis of positive results of clinical trials,[24,25] the attending physicians suggested to about one-fourth of the patients who discontinued AT to assume sulodexide or aspirin as a substitute treatment in the months that followed. In some patients, the therapy for extended treatment was shifted from full- to low-dose apixaban; this was supported by results obtained in the Amplify-Extension trial[26] in which low-dose apixaban (2.5 mg twice daily) proved equally effective as and safer than standard dose (5 mg twice daily) for extended treatment, while in all the remaining cases the original AT was maintained also for extended therapy. It should be noted, however, that the EINSTEIN CHOICE trial[14] showing a similar advantageous use of low-dose rivaroxaban for extended treatment had only just been published at the time of the present cohort study and so its results had not yet been introduced into clinical practice.

Deriving from the everyday clinical practice of Italian vascular doctors, our results show that the decision on duration of AT in patients with VTE is an uneasy and complex task for them. The final decision may be influenced by a wide variety of factors and determinants that make it much more complicated than sticking to the simple dualism between provoked or unprovoked events. In that sense, it can be said that the participating treating physicians only partially follow the guideline indications. Two recent, survey-based studies, performed in different geographic context (Australia and Northern Europe), have investigated the physician’s attitude to adhere to the guideline indications.[8,9] Although in both studies most physicians said they followed the guideline indications on the issue (very likely, even our Italian physicians would have given the same answer if asked), both studies showed a considerable variability in VTE management practices, in a way similar to what we found in our study. In particular, the difficulty in assessing the individual patient risk of developing a major bleeding complication during AT was underlined in the study by de Winter et al[9] as well as in the present study.

In conclusion, when dealing with patients after a VTE episode, the Italian vascular doctors involved in the present study generally stuck to the minimum 3-month period of AT recommended by international guidelines. The treating physicians made a decision to stop or extend AT that was not greatly affected by whether the index event was secondary or unprovoked. This result may be attributed to their evaluation of the etiology of the event (secondary or unprovoked) as part of a series of many other factors, including the individual clinical conditions of patients and presence of risk factors for either bleeding or thrombosis. Although doctors in many patients seemed to have already formed an opinion on the duration of anticoagulation at the beginning of treatment, in many cases the use of laboratory tests (ie, d-dimer) and/or CUS examinations have guided their choice on duration of AT.