Inhibition of Bcl2L12 Attenuates Eosinophilia-Related Inflammation in the Heart.

Background: The eosinophilic inflammation plays a critical role in myocarditis (Mcd); its underlying mechanism remains to be further elucidated. This study aims to investigate the role of Bcl2-like protein 12 (Bcl2L12) in inducing the defects of apoptosis in eosinophils (Eos) of the heart tissues.
Methods: Human explant heart samples were collected. Eosinophilia and myocarditis (Mcd)-like inflammation were induced in the mouse heart by immunizing with murine cardiac α-myosin heavy chain (MyHCα) peptides.
Results: Markedly more Eos were observed in heart tissues from patients with Mcd than those from patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Eos isolated from Mcd hearts showed the signs of apoptosis defects. The Eo counts in the Mcd heart tissues were positively correlated with the Bcl2L12 expression in Eos isolated from the heart tissues. Exposure to interleukin 5 in the culture induced the expression of Bcl2L12 in Eos. Bcl2L12 bound c-Myc, the transcription factor of Fas ligand (FasL), to prevent c-Myc from binding to the FasL promoter, to restrict the FasL gene transcription in Eos. Inhibition of Bcl2L12 prevented the induction of eosinophilia and Mcd-like inflammation in the mouse heart. Conclusions: The Bcl2L12 expression contributes to apoptosis defects in Eos of the Mcd heart. Blocking Bcl2L12 prevents the eosinophilia induction and alleviates Mcd-like inflammation in mice.

Introduction

It is estimated that about 400,000 persons die of heart inflammatory diseases each year in the world (1). Eosinophilia is a pathological sign in many inflammatory disorders. It indicates that the eosinophil (Eo) number is unusually increased in the local tissues, which may be reflected by the Eo frequency in peripheral white blood cells. The Eo frequency is ~1–3% in total white blood cells or <500 Eos/μL blood samples under physiological conditions (2). Eosinophilia commonly occurs in allergic disorders, parasite infection, neoplasia, or autoimmune diseases (3), as well as in myocarditis (Mcd) (4). Patients with Eo-related Mcd may experience mild, moderate, or severe heart failure (4). Eosinophilia may induce mild localized lesion or multifocal Eo infiltration in the heart tissues, which is associated with thrombotic complications, myocardial necrosis, and endomyocardial fibrosis (5). To date, the etiology, pathogenesis, and standardized therapeutic medical management of the Eo-related Mcd are still lacking.

Eos have a circulating half-life of approximately 18 h and a tissue lifespan of about 6 days and then die via apoptotic pathway. Dysregulation of the apoptotic processes may result in inflammation due to increased Eo lifespan that results in Eo overpopulation in the local tissues. Eos can be activated by bioactivating factors; the senescent Eos become necrosis with loss of cell membrane integrity and release of toxic intracellular mediators (6). Apoptosis is a physiological phenomenon, also called programmed cell death. Immune cells usually die soon after activation, such as the activation-induced cell death in T cells (7). Fas and Fas ligand (FasL) are important molecules in the initiation of cell apoptosis. Fas is a molecule constitutively expressed by cells, whereas FasL is a membrane-bound molecule and also a secretory molecule by cells in response to proper stimuli (8). Yet, the regulation of Eo apoptosis is not fully understood.

Published data indicate that the B-cell lymphoma protein 2–like protein-12 (Bcl2L12) is an important molecule in the regulation of apoptosis (9). The expression of Bcl2L12 is higher in tumor cells to facilitate tumor cell survival via the antiapoptosis mechanism (9). Whether Bcl2L12 is also associated with the Eo lifespan extension is unclear. Recent reports indicate that Bcl2L12 is involved in immune dysregulation (10). Immune dysregulation is involved in the pathogenesis of Mcd (11). To elucidate whether Bcl2L12 plays a role in the dysregulation of apoptotic machinery in Eos of the Mcd heart tissues, we collected the explanted hearts from our clinic. Eos were isolated from the heart samples. The role of Bcl2L12 in the induction of antiapoptosis in Eos was assessed. We also created the experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) mouse model for cardiomyopathy by immunizing mice with MyHCα peptide and alum adjuvant. The significance of Eo overexpression of Bcl2L12 in the pathogenesis of Mcd was investigated.

Materials and Methods

Reagents

Antibodies of Bcl2L12 were purchased from Abcam (Cambridge, MA, USA). shRNA kit of Bcl2L12, antibodies of major basic protein (MBP), Fas, FasL, c-Myc, and RNA polymerase II (Pol II) were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotech (Santa Cruz, CA, USA). Cisplatin, interleukin 5 (IL-5) protein, annexin v reagent kit, propidium iodide (PI), reagents, and materials for immunoprecipitation (IP) and chromatin IP (ChIP) were purchased from Sigma Aldrich (St. Louis, MO, USA). Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and interferon γ (IFN-γ) were purchased from R&D Systems (Minneapolis, MN, USA). Reagents and materials for reverse transcriptase–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and Western blotting were purchased from Invitrogen (Carlsbad, CA, USA).

Collection of Explant Hearts

Explant hearts were collected from patients who had undergone heart transplantation. The patients suffered from heart failure at the end stage and were less responsive to routine therapeutics. The decision for a heart transplantation was made by our surgeons and the patients. Heart samples were divided into two groups, the dilated cardiomyopathy (Dcm) group and the Mcd group, based on the disease history and heart tissue histology examination following our published procedures (12). The demographic data of the patients are presented in Table 1. Patients with any of the following conditions were excluded from the study: Used immune suppressors during the last 2 months; suffering from autoimmune diseases, or allergic diseases, or cancer. The experimental procedures involving human tissue in the present study was approved by the human ethics committee at Beijing Fuwai Hospital and followed the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. A written informed consent was obtained from each human subject.

Table 1

Demographic data.

Characteristics	Mcd group	Dcm group
Number	13	11
Demographics
Age (years)	29.8 ± 7.6	33.4 ± 6.2
Male, no. (%)	7 (54%)	5 (45%)
Body mass index	23.5 ± 3.2	27.8 ± 6.3
Clinical characteristics
Diagnosis to transplantation (months)	17.0 ± 6.5	22.0 ± 7.8
SBP (mmHg)	121 ± 13	109 ± 17
Heart rate	102 ± 28	114 ± 31
Medication history
Antiplatelet, no. (%)	8 (61.5%)	4 (36%)
Digoxin, no. (%)	12 (92.3%)	11 (100%)
ACEI/ARB, no. (%)	9 (69.2%)	8 (72.7%)
Diuretic, no. (%)	13 (100%)	11 (100%)
Beta blockers, no. (%)	11 (84.6%)	11 (100%)
Antiarrhythmic, no. (%)	7 (54%)	6 (54.5%)
Cardiac function (NYHA class)
I (no. %)	0	0
II (no. %)	0	1 (9%)
III (no. %)	5 (38.4%)	4 (36.3%)
IV (no. %)	8 (61.5%)	6 (54.5%)
Hypertension	1 (7.7%)	0
Diabetes	0	0
Hyperlipidemia	0	0
ECG
AF	2 (15.4%)	6 (54.5%)
LBBB	0	0
RBBB	2 (15.4%)	3 (27.3%)
Paroxysmal ventricular tachycardia	0	0
UCG
Left atrium diameter (mm)	51.5 ± 10.1	52.6 ± 9.3
LVEDD (mm)	68.4 ± 14.6	70.2 ± 12.7
EF (%)	28.6 ± 9.2	34.4 ± 14.9
Moderately to severe MR (%)	8 (61.5%)	63.6 (75%)

Histology of Heart Tissue

Heart tissue was fixed with 4% formalin for 24 h and embedded with paraffin. Paraffin sections were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin. The tissue structure was observed under a light microscope.

Inflammatory Scores

Inflammation in mouse heart tissue was scored with a 0- to 4-point system, in which 0 = no apparent inflammatory signs; 1 = one to five foci with mononuclear cell infiltration in a cross-sectional area; 2 = more than five foci with mononuclear cell infiltration in a cross-sectional area; 3 = profound mononuclear inflammation involving over 20% of the area, without necrosis; and 4 = profound inflammation with necrosis. The section slides were coded. The observers were not aware of the code to avoid the observer bias.

Eo Counts in Heart Tissue Sections by Immunohistochemistry

Fresh heart tissues were snap frozen in liquid nitrogen. Cryosections were prepared, dried at room temperature overnight, and fixed with cold acetone for 20 min. After blocking by 1% bovine serum albumin for 30 min, sections were incubated with anti-MBP (an Eo marker) antibody (1:300) overnight at 4°C, washed with phosphate-buffered saline three times, and incubated with peroxidase-labeled secondary antibodies for 2 h at room temperature. The positive staining was developed by tetramethylbenzidine. Sections were then contrast stained with hematoxylin and mounted with cover slips. Thirty microscopic windows were randomly selected in one sample under light microscope. Eos were counted in each window. The average of 30 readouts was used as one datum of Eo count. All sections were coded. The observers were not aware of the code to avoid the observer bias.

Isolation of Eos From Heart Tissue

The explant heart tissues were cut into small pieces and incubated with collagenase IV (1 mg/mg) for 2 h at 37°C with mild agitation. The lysates were filtered through a cell strainer (70 μm first, the 40 μm). Single cells were collected by centrifugation at 1,000 g for 5 min. Mononuclear cells were isolated from the single cells by Percoll gradient density centrifugation. Eos were isolated from the mononuclear cells by flow cytometry cell sorting. Anti–Siglec-F (sialic acid binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-F) antibody is specifically for murine Eo; anti–Siglec-8 is for human Eo isolation. Isolated Eo purity was >95% as determined by flow cytometry (Figure S1).

Assessment of Eo Apoptosis

Eos were collected from relevant experiments, stained with an annexin v reagent kit following the manufacturer's instruction, and followed by staining with PI. The cells were analyzed with a flow cytometer. The annexin v+ or both PI+ and annexin v+ cells were regarded as apoptotic cells.

Generation of Eos

Eos were generated from mouse bone marrow cells following published procedures (13). Briefly, bone marrow cells were prepared and cultured with RPMI1640 medium supplemented with antibiotics, fetal bovine serum, glutamine, stem cell factor (SCF; 100 ng/mL), and Flt3 (100 ng/mL). Adding IL-5 (10 ng/mL) to the culture on day 4 to replace SCF and Flt3. The medium was changed every other day with IL-5–containing medium. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (10 ng/mL) was added to the culture on day 14. The cells were harvested on day 15. Eos were purified with an Eo-isolation reagent kit following the manufacturer's instructions. The purity of purified Eos was >95% as assessed by flow cytometry (Figure S2).

Induction of EAM in Mice

The mice used in the present study were approved by the Animal Ethics Committee at Beijing Fuwai Hospital. The EAM experiments were performed following the guidelines from Directive 2010/63/EU of the European Parliament on the protection of animals used for scientific purposes. Male C57BL/6 mice were purchased from Beijing Experimental Center (Beijing, China). Mice with Eo-deficient of Bcl2L12 [knockout (KO) mice, in short] were developed by the Animal Institute at Chinese Agricultural Science Academy (Beijing, China; also see Song,). Mice were maintained in a specific pathogen-free facility with accessing food and water freely. To establish the Mcd-like inflammation, mice were subcutaneously injected with murine cardiac α-myosin heavy chain peptides (MyHCα; GL Biochem, Shanghai, China) at 1 mg/mouse mixed with 0.2 mL alum adjuvant on days 0 and 7, respectively. At the end of experiments, mice were sacrificed by cervical dislocation; samples were collected from mice and used for further experiments.

Statistical Analysis

Data are presented as mean ± SEM. The difference between two groups was determined by the Student t-test. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by the Dunnett test or the Bonferroni test was employed for multiple comparisons. A p < 0.05 was set as a significant criterion.

Some experimental procedures are presented in Supplementary Materials.

Results

Eos With Apoptotic Defects Are Detected in the Mcd Heart Tissues

Patients with Mcd or Dcm (without Mcd) at the advanced stage had undergone heart transplantation in Beijing Fuwai Hospital. The explanted hearts were collected in the operating rooms. Mononuclear cells were isolated from the heart samples. The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. TH2-polarization status, indicated by higher frequency of TH2 cells (Figure S3), profound infiltration of mononuclear cells, and higher Eo frequency were detected in Mcd samples, but not in Dcm samples (Figure 1). Inflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8, were detected in heart tissue protein extracts, which were higher in the Mcd group than that in the Dcm group (Figures 1F–H). The apoptotic Eo rate was lower in Mcd samples than that in Dcm samples (Figures 2A–D). Apoptosis-related molecules, caspase-3, Bax, caspase-8, and caspase-7, were detected in isolated Eos (Figures 2E–H). The results implicate the defects of apoptosis in Mcd Eos (Eos in Mcd heart tissues). To verify this, Eos were isolated from Mcd and Dcm heart samples and healthy subject blood samples (used as normal controls). The Eos were exposed to cisplatin, a non-specific apoptosis inducer, in the culture overnight. It induced much fewer apoptotic cells in Mcd Eos than that in Dcm Eos and healthy blood Eos (Figures 2I,J). Because Fas and FasL are the canonical factors in apoptosis induction, we then assessed the expression of Fas and FasL in Eos. Fas expression was detected in both Mcd Eos and Dcm Eos without significant difference (Figures 2K,L), whereas FasL expression was lower in Mcd Eos than that in Dcm Eos (Figures 2M,N). The results demonstrate that Mcd Eos have the defects of apoptosis. The FasL expression is impaired in Mcd Eos. In addition, we also detected a small number of apoptotic dendritic cells, macrophages, T cells, and B cells in the Dcm and Mcd heart tissues (Figure S2D).

Figure 1

Higher frequency of Eo in Mcd heart tissue. Explanted hearts were collected from patients with Dcm (n = 11) or Mcd (n = 13). Mononuclear cells were isolated from the heart samples and analyzed by flow cytometry. (A) Counts of Eos, CD11c+ cells and CD68+ macrophages in the heart tissues. (B) The gated histograms show cell frequency in (A). (C) Representative immunohistochemistry images show Eos (stained in dark brown) in the heart tissues (original magnification ×400). (D) Eo counts in histology images (averaged from 20 randomly selected image windows per sample). (E–H) Proteins were extracted from the heart tissues and analyzed by ELISA. Bars show IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 levels in heart protein extracts. Data of bars are presented as mean ± SEM (each dot presents data obtained from an independent experiment). Statistical method: Student t-test. Dcm, dilated cardiomyopathy; Mcd, myocarditis; MBP, major basic protein.

Figure 2

Assessment of apoptotic status of Eo in the heart tissues. Mononuclear cells were isolated from the Dcm heart tissues (n = 11) and Mcd heart tissues (n = 13). The cells were analyzed by flow cytometry. (A) Gated plots show Eo population. (B) Summarized Eo counts of (A). (C) Gated plots show apoptotic Eo population. (D) Summarized apoptotic Eo counts. (E–H) Immunoblots show caspase-3, Bax, caspase-8, and caspase-7 in protein extracts of isolated heart Eos. (I) Eos (isolated from the heart tissues and peripheral blood) were exposed to cisplatin (25 μM) in the culture overnight and analyzed by flow cytometry. The gated plots show apoptotic Eos. Blood: blood samples were obtained from 10 healthy subjects. (J) Summarized apoptotic Eo counts of (F). (K,L) Fas expression in Eos. (M,N) FasL expression in Eos. Immunoblots of (E–H); (L,N) represent six independent experiments. Data of bars are presented as mean ± SEM of six samples per group. MBP, major basic protein. Statistical method: ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. RQ, relative quantification. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate.

IL-5 Down-Regulates the FasL Expression in Eos

We then investigated possibilities that proinflammatory cytokines in Mcd hearts regulated the FasL expression in Eos of the heart tissues. Protein extracts were prepared with heart tissues and analyzed by ELISA. The results showed higher levels of IL-4, IL-5, IL-13, and TNF-α in the Mcd heart tissues as compared with the Dcm heart tissues. The IFN-γ levels were lower in Mcd hearts than that in Dcm hearts (Figures 3A–E). A negative correlation was detected between the IL-5 levels and the apoptotic Eo counts (Figure 3F) or the IL-5 levels and the FasL levels in Eos (Figure 3G). The rest cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, IFN-γ, and TNF) did not show apparent correlation with the Eo FasL expression (data not shown).

Figure 3

IL-5 is correlated with the FasL expression in Mcd heart Eos. Proteins were extracted from the Dcm (n = 11) and Mcd (n = 13) heart tissues and analyzed by ELISA. (A–E) Bars indicate the cytokine levels in heart tissue extracts. (F) Scatter dot plots show correlation between IL-5 levels in heart tissue and apoptotic Eos in the heart (the apoptotic Eo data are presented in Figure 2). (G) The scatter dot plots show correlation between IL-5 levels in the heart tissues and FasL mRNA (RQ) levels in Mcd Eos. (H–J) Bars indicate Bcl2L12 mRNA (RQ) levels in Eos (H). Immunoblots indicate Bcl2L12 protein levels in Eos (I; the numbers below blots indicate sample numbers). Bars show integrated density of Bcl2L12 immunoblots of (I,J). (K) Scatter dot plots show negative correlation between Bcl2L12 and FasL in Mcd Eos. (L) Scatter plots show positive correlation between Bcl2L12 and IL-5 in Mcd Eos. (M,N) Bone marrow–derived Eos (BMEos) were exposed to IL-5 in the culture at indicated concentrations for 48 h. Bars indicate Bcl2L12 mRNA (RQ) from six experiments (M); immunoblots indicate Bcl2L12 protein (N) in BMEos (from one experiment that represents six independent experiments). Data of bars are presented as mean ± SEM. Each dot presents data obtained from an independent experiment. Statistical method: The Student t-test (A–E,H,J); ANOVA (M). RQ, relative quantification. (A–E,H) present data obtained from 13 Mcd patients and 11 Dcm patients. (F,G,K,L) present data obtained from 13 Mcd patients. (I) presents data from one experiment that represents six independent experiments (J).

IL-5 Up-Regulates the Bcl2L12 Expression in Eos

Our recent studies show that Bcl2L12 plays an important role in TH2-biased inflammation and inhibition of CD4+ T-cell apoptosis (10); we wondered whether Bcl2L12 was associated with the defects of apoptosis in Mcd Eos. To test this, Eos were isolated from the Mcd heart tissues. We found that Mcd Eos expressed higher Bcl2L12 levels (Figures 3H–J), which were negatively correlated with the FasL expression in Mcd Eos (Figure 3K) and positively correlated with IL-5 levels in protein extracts from the Mcd heart tissues (Figure 3L). Exposure of newly generated Eos to IL-5 in the culture increased the Bcl2L12 expression in Eos (Figures 3M,N).

Bcl2L12 Restricts the FasL Expression in Eos

The data reported above suggest that Bcl2L12 may be the factor to suppress the FasL expression in Eos. To test this, Eos isolated from the heart tissues were analyzed by co-IP. A complex of Bcl2L12 and c-Myc, the transcription factor of FasL, was detected in Eo protein extracts of the Mcd heart tissues, which was barely detected in Dcm hearts (Figures 4A–C). We then checked the expression of c-Myc in Eos. The results showed that the expression of c-Myc was not significantly different between Dcm Eos and Mcd Eos (Figures 4D–F). The results imply that the physical contact between c-Myc and Bcl2L12 interferes with c-Myc activities. To verify this, nuclear extracts of isolated Eos were analyzed by ChIP. The results showed lower levels of c-Myc and RNA Pol II at FasL promoter locus of Mcd Eos (Figures 4G,H), which were up-regulated by depleting the Bcl2L12 expression (Figure 4I) in Eos (Figures 4G,H). The results indicate that Bcl2L12 restricts the FasL gene transcription in Mcd Eos.

Figure 4

Bcl2L12 modulates the FasL gene transcription activity. Eos were isolated from the Dcm (n = 11) and Mcd (n = 13) heart tissues. Extracts of RNA and proteins were prepared from Eos, pooled, and analyzed by coimmunoprecipitation (co-IP), RT-qPCR, Western blotting and ChIP. (A) Co-IP results show a complex of Bcl2L12 and c-Myc in Eos. (B,C) Integrated density of immunoblots in (A). (D,E) Expression of c-Myc in Eos. (F) Integrated density of immunoblots in (E). (G,H) ChIP results show c-Myc (G) and Pol II (H) in FasL promoter locus in the Eos. (I) Results of Bcl2L12 RNAi. RNAi (or cRNAi): Eos were treated with Bcl2L12 RNAi (or control RNAi). The data represent six independent experiments. Cisplatin (25 μM). Data of bars are presented as mean ± SEM. Statistics: ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. RQ, relative quantification.

Inhibition of Bcl2L12 Restores the Responsiveness to Apoptosis Inducer in Mcd Eos

The data reported above suggest that inhibition of Bcl2L12 may restore the responsiveness to apoptosis inducer in Eos with apoptosis defects. To verify this, Eos were isolated from the Mcd hearts and treated with Bcl2L12 RNAi or control RNAi (Figure 5A). The Eos were then exposed to cisplatin in the culture for 48 h. As analyzed by flow cytometry, Bcl2L12 inhibition significantly increased the number of apoptotic Eos in response to cisplatin exposure (Figures 5B,C). The FasL expression was also increased in Eos (Figures 5D,E). The data demonstrate that inhibition of Bcl2L12 restores the apoptosis machinery in Mcd Eos.

Figure 5

Inhibition of Bcl2L12 restores apoptosis machinery in Mcd Eos. Eos were isolated from Mcd (n = 13) heart tissue. The Eos were treated with Bcl2L12 RNAi or control RNAi to knock down the Bcl2L12 expression (A) and treated with or without cisplatin (25 μM). (B) The gated flow cytometry dot plots indicate apoptotic Eos (annexin v+ or annexin v+ PI+). (C) The bars indicate summarized data of apoptotic Eos in (B). (D,E) Bars show FasL mRNA levels in Eos (D); immunoblots show protein levels of FasL in Eos (E; data represent six independent experiments). Data of bars are presented as mean ± SEM. Each dot presents data obtained from an independent experiment. Statistical method: ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test. RQ, relative quantification.

Inhibition of Bcl2L12 in Eos Inhibits Experimental Mcd

To understand the significance that Eos express high Bcl2L12 levels in the pathogenesis of Mcd, a mouse strain with Bcl2L12-deficient Eos (KO mice) was generated (Figures S4A,B). The gata1-Cre did not affect the expression of Bcl2L12 in T cells and macrophages (Figures S4C–F). Bcl2L12 KO markedly enhanced Eo's sensitiveness to apoptosis inducers (Figure S5). Bcl2L12 KO in Eos did not significantly alter the TH1 and TH2 cytokines in the heart (Figure S6). The histology and Eo counts in the heart tissues were comparable between wild-type (WT) mice and KO mice at naive status, indicating that the Bcl2L12 KO does not alter the baseline of Eo development in the heart and does not affect the heart tissue structure. KO mice and WT mice were immunized with MyHCα to generate Mcd-like inflammation in the heart following the established procedures (14). The destructive heart tissues (Figure 6A), increases in Eos in the heart (Figures 6B,C), high inflammatory scores (Figure 6D), overinfiltration of mononuclear cells (Figure 6E), fibrosis (Figures 6F,G), and skewed cardiac functions, including electrocardiogram (ECG; Figure 7A), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD; Figure 7B), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF; Figure 7C), left ventricular fractional shortening (FS; Figure 7D), and isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT; Figure 7E), were observed in immunized WT mice, but not in immunized KO mice. Higher levels of Bcl2L12 and eotaxin were detected in Mcd Eos than that in control Eos (Figure S7). Depletion of Bcl2L12 markedly increased apoptosis induction in Eos at both naive status and inflammatory status (Figure S8). Furthermore, the CD4+ IL-4+ T-cell frequency was higher in MyHCα-immunized WT mice than that in MyHCα-immunized KO mice (Figure S9), whereas the CCR3 expression was detected in CD4+ T cells isolated from the heart tissues, which was not apparently altered by the MyHCα-immunization (Figure S10). The results demonstrate that inhibition of Bcl2L12 in Eos can inhibit experimental Mcd-like inflammation in the heart.

Figure 6

Inhibition of Bcl2L12 in Eos inhibits experimental Mcd. A mouse strain with Eos deficient of Bcl2L12 (KO) was generated. The KO mice and wild type (WT) mice were immunized with MyHCα or treated with saline (control). (A) Representative histology images (×200) show heart tissue structure and the inflammatory status. (B) Representative immunohistochemistry images (×400) show Eo staining (in dark brown). (C–E) Bars show Eo counts (B), inflammatory scores (D) and counts of mononuclear cells (E, by flow cytometry) in the heart tissues. (F) Masson trichrome stain demonstrating the deposition of collagen in the heart tissues (×400). (G) Bars show collagen quantification in the heart tissues. Statistics: ANOVA followed by the Bonferroni test.

Figure 7

Mouse cardiac function assessment. Cardiac functions, including electrocardiogram (ECG), left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD), left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) were recorded from WT mice (n = 6) and KO mice (n = 6) with or without being immunized by MyHCα. (A) Representative ECG records. (B) LVEDD records. (C) LVEF records. (D) FS (left ventricular fractional shortening) results, and (E) IVRT (isovolumic relaxation time). Data of bars are presented as mean ± SEM. Each dot presents data obtained from an independent experiment. Each sample was analyzed in triplicate. *p < 0.01, compared with the WT/saline group (ANOVA followed by the Dunnett test).

Discussion

The present study revealed that Eos in the Mcd heart tissues had the defects of apoptosis. Because apoptosis is a physiological phenomenon, the major function of apoptosis is to eliminate the unwanted cells from the body (15), the defects of apoptosis in the cell may result in or associate with a certain fraction of immune cell overpopulating in the body or/and in the local tissues, such as the apoptosis machinery is compromised in CD4+ T cells in allergic asthma patients (16). Peripheral Eos of asthma patients also show delayed response to apoptosis inducer (17). Eosinophilia in the Mcd heart tissues is in such a condition as shown by the present data; the tissues are overpopulated by Eos with unknown mechanisms. The present study provides mechanistic evidence for it that the Bcl2L12 overexpression in Eos contributes to eosinophilia in the heart with Mcd. Besides, the data also show the infiltration of monocyte, dendritic cells, macrophages, and lymphocyte in the Mcd heart; this supports the new diagnosis criteria of Mcd published recently (1).

To date, this is the first report to find that Eos in Mcd heart tissues express Bcl2L12. Bcl2L12 is an antiapoptosis factor. Early research reports indicated that Bcl2L12 was highly expressed by glioma cells (18). Latter studies found that Bcl2L12 was also expressed by other cancer cells (19) and non-cancer cells, such as vascular cells (20), B cells (21), liver cells (22), and T cells (10). Bcl2L12 was found to play an important role in glioma cell and other cancer cell growth by inhibiting p53, caspase 3, and caspase 7 (9). It was also found that Bcl2L12 was associated with chronic inflammation such as cirrhosis (22). Our previous work indicated that Bcl2L12 was involved in aberrant TH2 polarization by promoting TH2 cell differentiation and interfering with TH2 cell apoptosis (10, 23), which might be associated with the dysregulation of immune tolerance in patients with allergic rhinitis (21), and TH2-biased inflammation in the intestine (10, 24). We also found that Bcl2L12 played a critical role in the TH2-biased inflammation in the Mcd heart tissues; the results showed that TH2 cells isolated from the Mcd heart tissues expressed high levels of Bcl2L12; depletion of Bcl2L12 in CD4+ T cells prevented the mice from inducing TH2-biased inflammation in the heart (23). As IL-5, one of the TH2 cytokines, is a potent factor in Eo development, transformation, maturation, and signal transduction (25), the present data are in line with the previous study by showing high Bcl2L12 levels in the Mcd heart tissues. The data also provide further evidence that exposure to IL-5 increases the Bcl2L12 expression in Eos, which confers Eos the defects of apoptosis feature.

Eosinophilia has been recognized as an important factor in the pathogenesis of Mcd (4). Eos are a fraction of the end effector cells of Mcd, as well as many other inflammatory disorders, such as allergic asthma (26) and inflammatory bowel disease (27). By releasing chemical mediators, such as MBP, Eo cation protein, Eo peroxidase, and Eo-derived neurotoxin, Eos are associated with the pathogenesis of Mcd (4). Although eosinophilia is linked to hypersensitivity, allergy, and parasite infection, the pathogenesis of eosinophilia in Mcd remains elusive. No specific therapeutics for eosinophilia have been specified, yet current treatment of eosinophilia relies on immune suppression (4). The present data suggest that Bcl2L12 may be a novel therapeutic target for eosinophilia in Mcd.

The present data show a negative correlation between IL-5 and Eo apoptosis in the heart tissues. IL-5 is an essential molecule for the Eo differentiation and survival (28). Generation of Eos in vitro requires the presence of IL-5 (29). Our data suggest that besides contributing to the Eo differentiation, IL-5 also restricts the apoptotic machinery in Eos. The overproduction of IL-5 was observed in the Mcd heart tissues in the present study, which may be the source of IL-5 in the heart to interfere with the apoptosis machinery in Eos. Others also noted similar phenomenon in Mcd; it was reported that the IL-5 levels were higher in a patient with Mcd that could be alleviated by using anti–IL-5 antibodies (30, 31). It is proposed that IL-5 can be a therapeutic target for the treatment of severe eosinophilic asthma because IL-5 plays a critical role in eosinophil survival by inducing the defects of apoptosis (6).

Bcl2L12 is a proline-rich protein that is prone to bind other proteins (32). Our data show that Bcl2L12 forms a complex with c-Myc, the transcription factor of FasL, in Eos of the heart tissues. Such a physical contact between Bcl2L12 and c-Myc interferes with c-Myc to bind the FasL promoter and prevents the FasL expression in Eos. FasL is a critical factor to initiate apoptosis. The present data demonstrate that the lower FasL expression in Eos is associated with the apoptosis defects in Mcd Eos.

We observed that mice with Bcl2L12-deficient Eos failed to induce Mcd-like inflammation in the heart. Eos are classified as end inflammatory cell fraction; the mechanism by which restricting Eo activities can prevent heart inflammation induction is of significance. The data show that Eos isolated from the Mcd mouse heart show higher eotaxin expression, which is a chemokine for several cells, including Eos and CD4+ T cells (33). Such an autocrine eotaxin production was also observed by others (34). CD4+ T cells express CCR3, the receptor of eotaxin (33), which was observed in the present study. Therefore, the present data suggest that Eos can contribute to TH2 recruitment to the heart tissues by producing eotaxin, which can be attenuated by depletion of Bcl2L12 in Eos; the data also show that mice with Bcl2L12-deficient Eos had a small number of mononuclear cells in the heart tissues.

The therapeutics for Mcd is not satisfactory currently. Administration with immune suppressors is still the major remedy to alleviate Mcd clinical symptoms (35). Most immune suppressors, such as prednisolone, are nonspecific agents. Besides inhibiting the inflammation in the heart, immune suppressors also influence functions of other systems (36). Using anti–IL-5 antibody, such as mepolizumab, was reported having inhibitory effects on Mcd (30, 31). The present data revealed that inhibition of Bcl2L12 in Eos was capable of inhibiting Mcd-like inflammation in mice, suggesting that Bcl2L12 may be a novel therapeutic target for heart inflammation related with eosinophilia.

We used C57BL/6 mice to develop the EAM model in this study. Mcd-like inflammation was induced in the mouse heart tissues. However, others found that the C57BL/6 strain was somewhat resistance to be induced Mcd-like inflammation (37). The difference between us may be because we used different adjuvants in the EAM model development. Nue et al. used complete Freund adjuvant; we used alum adjuvant. The alum adjuvant is more suitable to induce TH2 pattern immune inflammatory animal model study (38).

In summary, the present data show that Eos of the Mcd heart tissue express high levels of Bcl2L12; the latter interferes with FasL gene transcription to induce the apoptosis defects in Eos. Inhibition of Bcl2L12 in Eos alleviates experimental Mcd-like inflammation in mice (Figure S11). The results suggest that Bcl2L12 in Eos may be a novel therapeutic target for Mcd.

Data Availability Statement

All datasets generated for this study are included in the article/Supplementary Material.

Ethics Statement

The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by The Human Ethical Committee at fuwai hospital. The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study. The animal study was reviewed and approved by The Animal Ethical Committee at Fuwai Hospital.

Author Contributions

XC, M-ZZ, B-PM, Z-QL, GY, and J-QL performed experiments, analyzed data, and reviewed the manuscript. J-PS and P-CY designed the project, organized the study, supervised experiments, and prepared manuscript. All authors contributed to the article and approved the submitted version.

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.