Characterization and comparison of collagen extracted from the skin of the Nile tilapia by fermentation and chemical pretreatment.

Chemical pretreatment of collagen raw materials is time-consuming and environmentally hazardous. Collagen extraction after fermentation pretreatment has not been reported. We extracted and characterized acid-soluble collagen (ASC) and pepsin-soluble collagen (PSC) from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) skin following fermentation and chemical treatments and comparatively evaluated the feasibility of fermentation. Fermentation-ASC (FASC) and fermentation-PSC (FPSC) yields (4.76 and 8.14 wt%, respectively) were slightly but not significantly higher than chemical-ASC (CASC) and chemical-PSC (CPSC) yields (4.27 and 7.60 wt%, respectively). All extracts were identified as type I collagens by SDS-PAGE and retained their triple helical structure well, as confirmed through Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. All collagen microstructures under scanning electron microscopy were multi-layered aggregates. These collagens also had similar biochemical properties (i.e. denatured between 36.5 and 37.1 °C, high soluble at pH 1-4 and at <3% [w/v] NaCl). Therefore, fermentation method is a viable alternative for pretreating collagen extraction materials.