Enhanced osteogenesis of 3D printed β-TCP scaffolds with Cissus Quadrangularis extract-loaded polydopamine coatings.

Growing demand in bone tissue replacement has shifted treatment strategy from pursuing traditional autogenous and allogeneic grafts to tissue replacement with bioactive biomaterials. Constructs that exhibit the ability to support the bone structure while encouraging tissue regeneration, integration, and replacement represent the future of bone tissue engineering. The present study aimed to understand the osteogenic and mechanical effects of binder jet 3D printed, porous β-tricalcium phosphate scaffolds modified with a natural polymer/drug coating of polydopamine and Cissus Quadrangularis extract. Compression testing was used to determine the effect the polydopamine coating process had on the mechanical strength of the scaffolds. 3D printed scaffolds with and without polydopamine coatings fractured at 3.88 ± 0.51 MPa and 3.84 ± 1 MPa, respectively, suggesting no detrimental effect on strength due to the coating process. The osteogenic potential of the extract-loaded coating was tested in vitro, under static and dynamic flow conditions, and in vivo in a rat distal femur model. Static osteoblast cultures indicated polydopamine-coated samples with and without the extract exhibited greater proliferation after 3 days (p < 0.05). Similarly, polydopamine resulted in increased proliferation and alkaline phosphatase expression under dynamic flow, but alkaline phosphatase expression was significantly enhanced (p < 0.05) only in samples treated with the extract. Histological analysis of implanted scaffolds showed substantially more new bone growth throughout the implant pores at 4 weeks post-op in polydopamine and extract-loaded implants compared to pure β-tricalcium phosphate. These results indicated that implants coated with polydopamine and Cissus Quadrangularis extract facilitated osteoblast proliferation and alkaline phosphatase production and improved early bone formation and ingrowth while maintaining mechanical strength.