A data driven epidemic model to analyse the lockdown effect and predict the course of COVID-19 progress in India.

We propose a data driven epidemic model using the real data on the infection, recovery and death cases for the analysis of COVID-19 progression in India. The model assumes continuation of existing control measures such as lockdown and quarantines, the suspected and confirmed cases and does not consider the scenario of 2nd surge of the epidemic due to any reason. The model is arrived after least square fitting of epidemic behaviour model based on theoretical formulation to the real data of cumulative infection cases reported between 24 March 2020 and 30May 2020. The predictive capability of the model has been validated with real data of infection cases reported during June 1-10, 2020. A detailed analysis of model predictions in terms of future trend of COVID-19 progress individually in 18 states of India and India as a whole has been attempted. Infection rate in India, as a whole, is continuously decreasing with time and has reached 3 times lower than the initial infection rate after 6 weeks of lock down suggesting the effectiveness of the lockdown in containing the epidemic. Results suggest that India, as a whole, could see the peak and end of the epidemic in the month of July 2020 and March 2021 respectively as per the current trend in the data. Active infected cases in India may touch 2 lakhs or little above at the peak time and total infected cases may reach over 19 lakhs as per current trend. State-wise results have been discussed in the manuscript. However, the prediction may deviate particularly for longer dates, as assumptions of model cannot be met always in a real scenario. In view of this, a real time application (COV-IND Predictor) has been developed which automatically syncs the latest data from the national COVID19 dash board on daily basis and updates the model input parameters and predictions instantaneously. This real time application can be accessed from the link: https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fCwgnQ-dz4J0YWVDHUcbEW1423wOJjdEXm8TqJDWNAk/edit?usp=sharing and can serve as a practical tool for policy makers to track peak time and maximum active infected cases based on latest trend in data for medical readiness and taking epidemic management decisions.

Introduction

Corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome corona virus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) [1,2]. The disease was first identified in December 2019 in Wuhan, the capital of China's Hubei province. Since then, the numbers of cases have spread to all over the world. On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization (WHO) formally declared the outbreak of novel corona virus as a Global Pandemic. As of June 01, 2020, a total of 6152,160 cases are confirmed in more than 227 countries and 26 cruise ships. There are 3142,964 active cases and 371,700 deaths [3].

The first case of the 2019–20 corona virus pandemic in India was reported on January 30, 2020, originating from China and now India has become the largest affected country in Asia. As of June 01, 2020, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has confirmed a total of 190,535 cases, 91,819 recoveries and 5394 deaths in the country. For India, the fatality rate is relatively lower at 3.09%, against the global 6.63% as of 20 May 2020. Six cities account for about half of all reported cases in the country- Mumbai, Delhi, Ahmedabad, Chennai, Pune and Kolkata [4,5]. On March 22, 2020, India observed a 14-hour voluntary public curfew followed by a nationwide lockdown since March 24, 2020, besides several other measures such as quarantine of the suspected cases, public health guidelines on social distancing, frequent hand washing and wearing face masque while stepping out of home for essential services.

Modelling and predicting the course of the outbreak in each region is important for the management and containment of the epidemic, and for balancing the impact from the public health vs. the economic crisis. Majority of COVID-19 epidemic models have originated from the SIR (Susceptible, Infected, and Recovered or Removed) model [6] and its many variations have been used in several countries, such as India [7], China [8,9], Italy [10,11] and Brazil [12]. These SIR-type models are useful for policy-decision makers to know the potential impact of pandemic and for prompting them to take early actions to minimise the impact. However, subsequent to breakout of pandemic, more information is required for a detailed planning, such as peak arrival of the pandemic, the number of hospital beds needed at the peak time, and taking decision on relaxing/lifting the lockdown, and finally returning to normal living. A recent study published in Nature [13] reveals that major non-pharmaceutical interventions and lockdown, in particular, have considerable effect on reducing transmission based on a large study carried out using real data in 11 European countries. Several studies are now becoming available on analysis of various epidemic control measures to contain the epidemic spread of COVID-19 in various countries [14], [15], [16], [17].

In our study, we propose a data driven epidemic model to analyse the lockdown effect in India, 2nd largest population in world and to predict the course of COVID-19 progress for medical readiness using the latest data on cumulative infection cases and removed cases due to recovery and death. The model has the advantage that it does not depend on the susceptible population, a key parameter required for SIR type models. However, it has the disadvantage that it cannot be used when the epidemic has just started and the data are limited. The model has been implemented in a Google sheet for real time analysis of epidemic trend based on the latest data and it predicts various important parameters such as peak time, and number of active infected cases at peak time. This data will be helpful for arrangement of various medical recourses and taking epidemic related management decisions.

The manuscript presents the theoretical formulation and development of the model for cumulative, daily and active infected cases, application to COVID-19 scenario in 18 individual states of India and India, as a whole. It analyses the lockdown effect and predicts the course of epidemic progress as discussed in the following sections. Finally, a link to the real time application (COV-IND Predictor) has been provided for daily updates and predictions.

Theoretical formulation and development of model

Let N(t) is the number of total infected cases at time t. The rate of change of total infected cases can be expressed aswhere λ (t) represents the infection rate at time t

Generally, infection rate represents the number of contacts per person per unit time and it decreases with various control measures such as quarantine, lockdown etc. [18,19]. Let us consider a scenario of continued lockdown till the epidemic comes to a near end. Also, it is assumed that the infection rate in the population is highest at start of lockdown which decreases exponentially with increase in lockdown period and finally approaches zero after a sufficient time.

With this, the transient variation of infection rate subsequent to lockdown can be written aswhere

λ is the initial infection rate at time of implementing lockdown. τ is the characteristic time of decrease which depends upon the societal factor, the extent of implementation of the lockdown in the society, number of quarantine person, number of samples tested etc.

Substituting the expression for λ (t), Eq. (1) can be written as

If N 0 is the number of total infected cases at time of implementing lock down (t = t), the solution to the above equation can be written as

This can be re-expressed aswhere

The number of infected cases, N (t) (using Eqs. (5) and (6)) can be expressed as

The model presented in Eq. (7) is also known as Gompertz function [20], initially proposed based on the nature of function expressive of the law of human mortality, with the assumption that mortality rate decreases exponentially as a person ages. A similar assumption has been made for the infection rate variation under lockdown scenario in the present study.

In real scenario, this particular assumption of the model cannot be met always. Hence there may be a change in the trend of infections rate due to various reasons (e.g. movement of migrant workers from one state to another, mild relaxation in lockdown rules). In such cases, it is advisable to do a trend analysis of latest data, update the model input parameters and make the predictions. However, the best approach is to develop a real time application which will fetch data from the national database dashboard at regular intervals and make predictions based on the latest trend analysis.

Daily new infected and removed cases

Differentiating Eq. (7) with respect to t, the number of new infected cases per day (i.e. daily new infected cases), N can be obtained as follows:

Since those who are admitted to the hospital either recover after a hospital stay of T days, or may die after a similar number of days, there should be a delayed relationship between number of daily new infected cases, ‘N and number of daily removed cases, ‘N due to recovery and death.

Hence, N(t) can be related to N(t) by the following relationwhere T is the mean recovery time of COVID-19 patients. This can be determined through time–lag correlation analysis between daily new cases and daily removed cases where epidemic has nearly come to an end.

Active infected cases

Similarly, the number of infected active cases, N can be estimated by taking the difference between cumulative new infected cases and cumulative removed cases up to time ti.e.

Simplifying, we get

This indicates that the number of active infected cases at time t, is the sum of the number of daily new infected cases for a period of T preceding t. The integration is used for the continuous functions of the model while the sum is used for the discrete real data.

Peak time of active infected cases

Maximum medical resources are required when the active cases attain maxima. Hence, predicting the maximum active cases and the time when this maximum will be attained is of utmost importance for planning and arrangement of medical resources such as number of hospital beds, ventilators, personal protective equipments for health care providers etc.

The rate of change of active infected cases at any time t can be written as

Let t be the time at which the active cases attain peak; the occurrence of the peak is achieved if

This condition leads to

After attaining peak, the newly recovered and deceased cases start to exceed the newly infected cases. The demand for medical resources, such as hospital beds, isolation wards and respirators, starts to decrease beyond this peak.

Using Eqs. (8) and (9), N(t) can be expressed as

Taking the ratio of N(t) and Nas given in Eqs. (8) and (15) respectively, and using condition given in Eq. (14) for the peak time, t p can be obtained as:

Eq. (16) can be used to obtain the time when active infected cases will attain peak with the information of characteristic time constant (τ), recovery time (T) and fitting parameter k 2. Once the peak time t p is estimated, the number of active infected cases at t= t p can be estimated using Eq. (11).

Results and discussions

Estimation of model input parameters and validation

The first case of the 2019–20 corona virus pandemic in India was reported on January 30, 2020. India observed a nationwide lockdown since March 24, 2020 (55th day after 1st case) to control the epidemic in addition to several other measures. As of June 01, 2020, the Ministry of Health and Family Welfare has confirmed a total of 190,535 cases, 91,819 recoveries and 5394 deaths in the country. About 18 states have exceeded 100 confirmed cases as on May 01, 2020 [4,5].These states have been considered for model analysis and prediction. State-wise break up of confirmed cases as on March 24 (start date of lockdown)and as on June 01, 2020 along with statistics of samples tested for these states is provided in Table 1 .

Table 1

State-wise cumulative confirmed cases as on start date of lockdown and as on June 01, 2020, tested sample statistics and derived model parameters through least square fitting to time series data of respective states.

State /UT	Cumulative confirmed cases, N(t) as on		Samples tested per 1 million people	Confirmed cases out of 100 samples	Derived input parameters of Model (Eq. (7))*			R2	Maximum% deviation from tested data (1–10 June)
	March 24 (lockdown start)	June 01, 2020			k1	k2	Characteristic time constant, τ
All states (India)	571	1,90,648	2799	5.1	14.22±0.12	19.6 ± 0.43	55.3 ± 1.9	0.998	8
Andhra Pradesh	8	3571	7033	1	10.1 ± 0.4	27.9 ± 7.8	44.1 ± 6.0	0.981	9
Assam	0	1340	3117	1.2	11.6 ± 1.1	70.0 ± 13.0	45.1 ± 3.7	0. 842	20
Bihar	3	3807	636	5	10.8 ± 1.1	35.1 ± 0.3	48.1 ± 11.5	0.983	10
Delhi	30	19,844	11,821	9.3	12.9 ± 0.3	30.2 ± 1.0	53.9 ± 4.2	0.989	10
Gujarat	34	16,794	3215	8.2	10.4 ± 0.0	80.6 ± 7.1	25.1 ± 0.5	0.993	9
Haryana	30	2091	4375	1.8	10.8 ± 0.2	99.2 ± 15.8	34.1 ± 6.8	0.881	19
Jammu & Kashmir	6	2446	12,218	1.4	9.6 ± 0.3	80.0 ± 9.7	32.0 ± 4.6	0.991	8
Jharkhand	0	635	1781	1	8.9 ± 0.2	40.2 ± 19.1	45.1 ± 1.3	0.973	10
Karnataka	41	3221	4448	1.1	10.1 ± 1.2	35.1 ± 7.2	43.1 ± 4.1	0.891	20
Madhya Pradesh	7	8089	2046	4.8	9.5 ± 0.1	115.3 ± 12.7	22.1 ± 0.8	0.982	10
Maharashtra	107	67,655	3828	14.6	12.8 ± 0.1	28.1 ± 0.8	53.1 ± 1.3	0.998	6
Odisha	2	1948	3381	1.3	9.1 ± 1.2	60.0 ± 10.5	34.1 ± 18.0	0.883	18
Punjab	29	2263	2928	2.6	8.1 ± 0.5	370.0 ± 18.3	16.0 ± 6.0	0.960	14
Rajasthan	32	8831	5254	2.2	9.8 ± 0.5	66.1 ± 9.6	27.0 ± 1.5	0.997	10
Tamil Nadu	18	22,333	6473	4.5	12.8 ± 0.4	25.0 ± 0.2	54.0 ± 2.0	0.986	12
Telangana	37	2698	-	-	10.2 ± 0.0	39.0 ± 26.9	43.0 ± 0.3	0.996	8
Uttar Pradesh	35	8075	1266	2.8	10.9 ± 0.2	35.2 ± 3.8	42.1 ± 1.4	0.997	6
West Bengal	9	5501	2079	2.7	10.9 ± 0.3	40.1 ± 3.1	42.0 ± 2.5	0.991	8

*Model input parameters should be updated periodically based on trend in latest data to make the predictions more accurate.

The time series data of confirmed cases between March 24 and May 30, 2020 have been converted into logarithmic values as per requirement of the model (Eq. (5)) and least square fitted using ‘Origin’ software. The inbuilt function (ExpDec1) available in the software ‘Origin’ has been selected for fitting analysis which is expressed as:where x is taken as time (days) and Y is the logarithmic value of number of cumulative infected cases up to x days.

Comparing Eq. (17) with the model given in Eq. (5), the model parameters k and τ can be obtained from fitting parameters (Y0, A1 and t1) using the following equations

The curve fitted to the data of India, as a whole, is shown in Fig. 1 . Similar least square fitting exercise has been carried out for the selected states as well. The derived fitting parameters for the selected states and India, as a whole are also presented in Table 1.

Fig. 1

Least square fitting of inbuilt exponential model in ‘origin’ as given in Eq. (17) to the data of cumulative infected cases (N) up to May 30, 2020 for India as a whole.

Subsequently, models for each state and India as a whole have been tested against the real data of confirmed cases reported during June 01–10, 2020 to find the deviation of predicted values and testing the validity of the model. The maximum percentage deviation of model predictions has been given in Table 1. The results shows that deviations are within 10% in most of the states except a few states like Assam, Haryana, Karnataka, Odisha where it appears that a 2nd surge is emerging. In these states, model prediction may not be accurate with the existing fitting parameters and needs to be updated using the upcoming real data. It is important to note that the model is derived based on the certain assumptions as highlighted in model formulation section and does not consider scenario of 2nd surge due to any reason. Hence, model parameters needs to be updated in such changed scenario.

Effect of lock down on infection rate

Using Eq. (1), one can express the time-dependent infection rate as:

Using Eq. (2), the infection rate (per day) can be estimated by knowing the parameter λ and τ. τ is the characteristic time obtained directly from least square fitting analysis and is given in Table 1. λ can be obtained as the ratio of fitting coefficient k 2 and τ.

Fig. 2 shows the plot of infection rate, predicted and that obtained from real daily and cumulative infected cases in India as a whole as a function of time t. Time, t = 0 represents the start date of lockdown (i.e. 24 March 2020). As may be seen, there is a very good matching (<10% deviation) in the trend of predicted and real infection rate suggesting the validity of exponential model taken for infection rate. Least square fitting of the exponential model to the data points of real infection rate has yielded a R 2 value of 0.98 justifying the exponential behaviour model assumed for infection rate in a continued lockdown scenario. Initially the infection rate was around 0.15 per day which has come down to about 0.05 per day (about 3 times lower) after 6 weeks of lock down. The falling infection rate suggests the effectiveness of the lock down. If this trend continues, the predicted infection rate will reach one tenth of the initial infection rate (~0.015) by about 12 weeks from start date of the lockdown. However, India being a county with a huge population (about 135 Crore), even a very low infection rate can result in a large number of overall infected cases per day. If the daily testing number is not adequate enough, it may be difficult to contain the spread of epidemic in the community. Tracking the percentage of confirmed cases of the tested samples provides a better picture of the overall epidemic progress in the community. This parameter needs to be controlled by lowering the infection rate (i.e. number of contacts per person per unit time) by way of lockdown, masking of face and following social distancing norms as well as increasing the number of tests, detecting more and more infected cases and quarantining them as early as possible.

Fig. 2

Trend of infection rate with days after nationwide lock down declared in India on 24 March 2020.

The characteristic time constant, τ, governs the decreasing trend of the infection rate. Higher this value, slower is the decrease in rate of infection. Table 1 provides the value of characteristic time constant for various states. Comparing the infection rate of various states and India as a whole with countries such as USA, Italy, Germany and China, one can observe that the infection rate is quite low (~ 2–3 times) in India. However, the decreasing trend is not as fast as USA, Italy, Germany and China [2]. This may be due to low testing of samples in India, particularly during the initial period of the epidemic.

Time-lag correlation between daily new and removed cases and estimating mean recovery time

Now that the epidemic in Kerala appears to have come to an end, the data from this state has been used to perform cross correlation between daily new cases and removed cases due to recovery and death during the period March 14, 2020 and April 30, 2020. The plot of normalised correlation factor with respect to maximum value with different time lag is shown in Fig. 3 . As may be seen, the correlation is found to attain maximum when the time lag between them is 15 days i.e. peak of daily new cases and daily removed cases is just lagged by 15 days. This is known as the mean recovery time, T for COVID patients. Typically for COVID-19 infection, the reported value of the mean recovery time varies from 14 to 16 days [2].This recovery time of 15 days has been used for other states and India as a whole to estimate the peak of active infected cases.

Fig. 3

Time lag correlation analysis of daily new cases and removed cases due to recovery and death for the state of Kerala during the period March 14, 2020 and April 30, 2020.

Prediction of daily, cumulative and active infected cases

Subsequent to estimation of mean recovery time and model parameters through least square fitting exercise, predictions have been made for daily, cumulative and active infected cases with time. In this analysis, January 30, 2020 is designated as time, t = 1 (date of 1st reported case in India) and accordingly March 24, 2020 is t = 55 (start date of lock down). Predictions have been made only for t>55 till the cumulative infection cases attain saturation.

Fig. 4 shows the plot of predicted mean, minimum, maximum of total infected cases, new daily cases and active infected cases in India with time. Fig. 5, Fig. 6, Fig. 7 , show the plot of predicted total infected cases, new daily cases and active infected cases with time respectively in selected states of India. One can refer these plots to find the approximate time of peaking and near end of epidemic and number of active infected cases and saturation cases at peak and end time in various states of India and India as a whole.

Fig. 4

Predicted mean, minimum, maximum of total infected cases, new daily cases and active infected cases in India as a whole based on the data trend analysis up to May 30,2020.

Fig. 5

(a) and (b): Predicted total infected cases in various selected states of India based on the data trend analysis up to May 30,2020.

Fig. 6

(a) and (b): Predicted new daily infected cases in various selected states of India based on the data trend analysis up to May 30, 2020.

Fig. 7

(a) and (b): Predicted active infected cases in various selected states of India based on the data trend analysis up to May 30, 2020.

Prediction of peak and end time of epidemic and maximum active infected cases

Table 2 provides state-wise results of predicted time to reach peak of the epidemic, time to attain 99% of the total infected cases (~ end time of epidemic) and number of active and total saturation of infected cases with lower and upper bound value considering the error margin in the derived model input parameters. These results are very much useful for planning and arrangement of medical resources.

Table 2

State-wise predicted peak time, time to attain 99% of the total expected cases and number of active and total saturation infected cases based on the data trend analysis up to May 30, 2020.

State/UT	Time to reach peak of the active infected case*	Number of active infected cases at peak time*			Time to reach 99% of total infected cases*	Number of total expected infected cases*
		Most likely	Lower Bound	Upper Bound		Most likely	Lower Bound	Upper Bound
India as a whole	July 2020	2,07,437	1,82,543	2,23,235	March 2021	21,00,305	18,86,453	24,25,385
Andhra Pradesh	June 2020	3443	3010	3820	March 2021	47,290	42,657	52,964
Assam	June 2020	2836	2057	3759	Dec 2020	10,439	7523	14,547
Bihar	Aug 2020	4476	3845	5648	Nov 2020	37,232	34,623	41,347
Delhi	Aug 2020	41,832	37,457	45,854	March 2021	4,82,346	4,00,906	5,65,657
Gujarat	June 2020	7790	6897	8229	March 2021	65,145	60,345	70,127
Haryana	July 2020	6567	5078	7923	Dec 2020	54,567	46,987	67,975
Jammu &Kashmir	June 2020	2819	2532	3118	Jan 2021	23,891	18,302	28,017
Jharkhand	June2020	1490	1120	1812	March 2021	14,532	10,157	19,124
Karnataka	June 2020	3678	3218	4057	Dec 2020	28,216	20, 622	34,213
Madhya Pradesh	May 2020	3497	3147	3898	March 2021	30,894	25,478	35,568
Maharashtra	July 2020	57,350	53,459	61,389	Feb 2021	5,03,684	4,10,786	6,02,932
Odisha	July 2020	2136	1534	2966	Dec 2020	28,051	21,012	34,112
Punjab	May 2020	1565	1263	1760	March 2021	21,017	16,125	26,432
Rajasthan	June 2020	4381	3876	4912	March 2021	35,358	30,851	40,770
Tamil Nadu	Aug 2020	42,886	39,093	45,236	March 2021	4,72,369	3,92,210	5,40,536
Telangana	July 2020	3439	3012	3912	March 2021	47,689	42,814	52,121
Uttar Pradesh	July 2020	8188	7497	8958	March 2021	94, 740	87,459	99,702
West Bengal	July 2020	9838	8378	10,971	March 2021	1,00,065	85,849	1,20,578

Results may deviate depending upon the change in the trend of the latest data. It is advisable to check the latest predictions by real time model using the link:https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fCwgnQ-dz4J0YWVDHUcbEW1423wOJjdEXm8TqJDWNAk/edit?usp=sharing.

Results suggest that India, as a whole, could see the peak of the epidemic in the month of July 2020. Some of the states such as Madhya Pradesh, Punjab have already seen the peak of epidemic by this time while Andhra Pradesh, Assam, Gujarat, Jammu &Kashmir, Jharkhand, Karnataka, Rajasthan may see the peak in the month of June 2020. Maharashtra, Haryana, Odisha, Telangana, Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal may see the peak of epidemic in the month of July 2020 while Delhi, Tamil Nadu and Bihar may see the peak in peak of the epidemic in August 2020.

Results on active infected cases at peak time suggest that active infected cases for India, as a whole, may go a little above 200 K (K stands for thousands, here onwards). The most affected states- Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and national capital Delhi may see the active infected cases up to 57 K, 42 K and 41 K respectively. Gujarat, West Bengal, Uttar Pradesh and Rajasthan may see the number of active infected cases between 5 K and 10 K at the peak time while remaining states may see the number of active infected cases below 5 K.

The time to reach 99% of the total expected infected cases is considered as the end of the epidemic by which most of the active infected cases have recovered. Results suggest that India, as a whole, could see the end of the epidemic in the month of March 2021 with total cases over 19 Lakhs. States like Bihar, Odisha, Karnataka, and Haryana could see end of the epidemic by December 2020 while most of states show end of epidemic by March 2021. The most affected state Maharashtra may see the end of the epidemic by February 2021 with total cases of about 5 Lakhs. The predictions emphasise the need to follow all precautionary measures like social distancing and masking of face even after relaxing or lifting of lockdown.

As it is well known, model assumptions cannot be met always in real scenarios and hence the prediction may deviate depending upon change in the trend of latest data due to several factors such as movement of migrant workers and relaxation in epidemic control measures. In this context, a real time application (COV-IND Predictor) has been developed by implementing the above model in a Google sheet which automatically syncs the latest data from national COVID19 dash board [5] on daily basis and updates the model input parameters using the inbuilt forecast function and makes the predictions instantaneously for future dates. The application can be accessed from the link:

https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1fCwgnQ-dz4J0YWVDHUcbEW1423wOJjdEXm8TqJDWNAk/edit?usp=sharing

While the data predictions in this manuscript are based on real data only up to May 30, 2020, it is advisable to check the latest predictions from the above link which gives a more reliable prediction of the COVID-19 scenario in India, as a whole, and in individual selected state based on the latest trend in the COVID-19 infected cases. This real-time application can serve as a helping hand for policy makers to track peak time and maximum active infected cases based on latest trend in data for medical readiness and for taking epidemic management decisions periodically.

Conclusion

We propose a data-driven model to track and predict the course of the epidemic. Many parameters characterizing an epidemic can be determined from the model using the available latest data which can be validated by a few real data sets. Subsequently, the model can be used for predictions. This presented approach can be applied not just to the current Covid-19 epidemic, but also, in general, to future epidemics. The model gives best predictions with online type predictor, utilising latest data to update the model input parameters periodically and predict the course of epidemic for the next two weeks. The model is of special significance for predicting the approximate peak time and end time of the epidemic so as to keep a readiness for maximum resources during the peak time. The model is able to well capture the observed decrease in the infection rate post lockdown, thus confirming the effectiveness of lockdown in containing the epidemic. The model has been implemented in a Google sheet which can serve as a practical tool for epidemic management decisions such as medical resource planning, required number of daily testing and ultimately relaxing lockdown rule and regulation in order to balance the impact from the public health vs. the economic crisis [21], [22], [23], [24].

CRediT authorship contribution statement

Bijay Kumar Sahoo: Methodology, Formal analysis, Writing - original draft. Balvinder Kaur Sapra: Conceptualization, Formal analysis, Visualization, Writing - review & editing.

Declaration of Competing Interest

The authors declare no competitive interests.