Caroline MacDonald1, Maria Burton2, Robert Carachi3, Stuart O'Toole4. 1. School of MVLS, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland; Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Rd, Glasgow G51 4TF, Scotland. Electronic address: c.m.smith@doctors.org.uk. 2. Faculty of Health and Wellbeing, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, S1 1WB, UK. 3. School of MVLS, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland. 4. School of MVLS, University of Glasgow, University Avenue, Glasgow G12 8QQ, Scotland; Royal Hospital for Children, 1345 Govan Rd, Glasgow G51 4TF, Scotland.
Abstract
BACKGROUND/ PURPOSE: Adolescents have poor outcomes following testicular torsion directly attributable to delay from onset of symptoms to presentation to hospital. The aim of this study was to investigate the barriers to urgent presentation in young men. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were undertaken with young men (11-19 years), using a topic guide exploring issues surrounding testicular pain and health. Thematic analysis was undertaken using a framework approach. RESULTS: Twenty-seven adolescents were recruited, data saturation was reached at sixteen participants, and median age was 13.5 years (range 11-18). The process by which an adolescent gets to hospital with testicular pain is slow. They must recognize the problem and alert their parents, who then use a 'watch and wait' policy to assess need for medical review, often leaving it 'a day' or overnight. Adolescent males do not engage with healthcare services independently of their parents. Additional factors preventing early presentation include: absence of knowledge about testicular pathology from adolescents and their parents; concern from the young people about raising a false alarm and family concerns about burdening healthcare services. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations include designing a testicular health education campaign for young men and educating parents regarding the medical conditions where a 'watch and wait' policy may be harmful to their child. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: VI. Crown
BACKGROUND/ PURPOSE: Adolescents have poor outcomes following testicular torsion directly attributable to delay from onset of symptoms to presentation to hospital. The aim of this study was to investigate the barriers to urgent presentation in young men. METHODS: Semistructured interviews were undertaken with young men (11-19 years), using a topic guide exploring issues surrounding testicular pain and health. Thematic analysis was undertaken using a framework approach. RESULTS: Twenty-seven adolescents were recruited, data saturation was reached at sixteen participants, and median age was 13.5 years (range 11-18). The process by which an adolescent gets to hospital with testicular pain is slow. They must recognize the problem and alert their parents, who then use a 'watch and wait' policy to assess need for medical review, often leaving it 'a day' or overnight. Adolescent males do not engage with healthcare services independently of their parents. Additional factors preventing early presentation include: absence of knowledge about testicular pathology from adolescents and their parents; concern from the young people about raising a false alarm and family concerns about burdening healthcare services. CONCLUSIONS: Recommendations include designing a testicular health education campaign for young men and educating parents regarding the medical conditions where a 'watch and wait' policy may be harmful to their child. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: VI. Crown