Andrew Dakkak1, Michael K Krill2, Matthew L Krill3, Benedict Nwachukwu4, Frank McCormick5,6. 1. Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida. 2. Division of Neurorehabilitation, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, St Louis, Missouri. 3. Jameson Crane Sports Medicine Institute, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. 4. Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York. 5. Department of Orthopedics, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts. 6. Department of Sports Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
Abstract
CONTEXT: There is a renewed interest in diagnosing and treating subscapularis tears, but there is a paucity of clinical guidance to optimize diagnostic decision-making. OBJECTIVE: To perform a literature review to evaluate advanced maneuvers and special tests in the diagnosis of subscapularis tears and create a diagnostic algorithm for subscapularis pathology. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, MEDLINE, Ovid, and Cochrane Reviews databases. STUDY SELECTION: Inclusion criteria consisted of level 1 and 2 studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals that focused on physical examination. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2. DATA EXTRACTION: Individual test characteristics (bear hug, belly press, lift-off, Napoleon, and internal rotation lag sign) were combined in series and in parallel to maximize clinical sensitivity and specificity for any special test evaluated in at least 2 studies. A secondary analysis utilized subjective pretest probabilities to create a clinical decision tree algorithm and provide posttest probabilities. RESULTS: A total of 3174 studies were identified, and 5 studies met inclusion criteria. The special test combination of the bear hug and belly press demonstrated the highest positive likelihood ratio (18.29). Overall, 3 special test combinations in series demonstrated a significant impact on posttest probabilities. With parallel testing, the combination of bear hug and belly press had the highest sensitivity (84%) and lowest calculated negative likelihood ratio (0.21). CONCLUSION: The combined application of the bear hug and belly press physical examination maneuvers is an optimal combination for evaluating subscapularis pathology. Positive findings using this test combination in series with a likely pretest probability yield a 96% posttest probability; whereas, negative findings tested in parallel with an unlikely pretest probability yield a 12% posttest probability.
CONTEXT: There is a renewed interest in diagnosing and treating subscapularis tears, but there is a paucity of clinical guidance to optimize diagnostic decision-making. OBJECTIVE: To perform a literature review to evaluate advanced maneuvers and special tests in the diagnosis of subscapularis tears and create a diagnostic algorithm for subscapularis pathology. DATA SOURCES: PubMed, MEDLINE, Ovid, and Cochrane Reviews databases. STUDY SELECTION: Inclusion criteria consisted of level 1 and 2 studies published in peer-reviewed scientific journals that focused on physical examination. STUDY DESIGN: Systematic review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Level 2. DATA EXTRACTION: Individual test characteristics (bear hug, belly press, lift-off, Napoleon, and internal rotation lag sign) were combined in series and in parallel to maximize clinical sensitivity and specificity for any special test evaluated in at least 2 studies. A secondary analysis utilized subjective pretest probabilities to create a clinical decision tree algorithm and provide posttest probabilities. RESULTS: A total of 3174 studies were identified, and 5 studies met inclusion criteria. The special test combination of the bear hug and belly press demonstrated the highest positive likelihood ratio (18.29). Overall, 3 special test combinations in series demonstrated a significant impact on posttest probabilities. With parallel testing, the combination of bear hug and belly press had the highest sensitivity (84%) and lowest calculated negative likelihood ratio (0.21). CONCLUSION: The combined application of the bear hug and belly press physical examination maneuvers is an optimal combination for evaluating subscapularis pathology. Positive findings using this test combination in series with a likely pretest probability yield a 96% posttest probability; whereas, negative findings tested in parallel with an unlikely pretest probability yield a 12% posttest probability.
Authors: Lyndsay E Somerville; Kevin Willits; Andrew M Johnson; Robert Litchfield; Marie-Eve LeBel; Jaydeep Moro; Dianne Bryant Journal: Am J Sports Med Date: 2014-06-16 Impact factor: 6.202
Authors: Angela Cadogan; Mark Laslett; Wayne A Hing; Peter J McNair; Mark H Coates Journal: BMC Musculoskelet Disord Date: 2011-05-28 Impact factor: 2.362