Abby E Rudolph1, Elizabeth Upton2, April M Young3,4,5, Jennifer R Havens4. 1. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University College of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA. 2. Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Williams College, Williamstown, MA, USA. 3. Department of Epidemiology, University of Kentucky College of Public Health, Lexington, KY, USA. 4. Center on Drug and Alcohol Research, Department of Behavioral Science, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, USA. 5. Center for Health Equity Transformation, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The US opioid crisis has led to increases in overdose fatalities and the incidence of HIV, hepatitis C and other infections. This analysis examines social network predictors of recent (self-report injection followed by non-injection) and sustained (self-report non-injection at two consecutive visits among those who previously injected) injection cessation in Appalachian Kentucky. DESIGN: Data were collected through bi-annual longitudinal assessments for Social Networks among Appalachian People (SNAP; 2008-17). Using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations that clustered on individuals, we regressed non-injection status on the number of social network members who (a) did not inject and (b) recently stopped injecting and tested for interactions between each social network exposure and prior non-injection status. Social network exposures were self-reported. SETTING: Rural eastern Kentucky, USA. PARTICIPANTS: Participants entered the analysis only after reporting recent injection and had to have had at least two consecutive study visits (n = 326). MEASUREMENTS: Interviewer-administered surveys collected individual-level socio-demographics, recent (past 6 months) drug use behaviors and the names of recent social support, sex and drug-use partners. FINDINGS: After adjusting for confounders, the number of non-injecting social network members was positively associated with recent/sustained injection cessation (adjusted odds ratio = 1.27; 95% confidence interval = 1.13-1.42) and having more social network members was associated with reduced odds of recent/sustained injection cessation. The number of previously injecting social network members who had recently stopped injecting was not statistically significantly associated with injection cessation. Neither of the interactions we tested for was statistically significant, suggesting that the relationships may be similar for those who recently stopped injecting versus had not injected for at least 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: For each additional network member who did not inject drugs, there was an increased odds of recent and sustained injection cessation among people with a history of injection drug use in Appalachian Kentucky.
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The US opioid crisis has led to increases in overdose fatalities and the incidence of HIV, hepatitis C and other infections. This analysis examines social network predictors of recent (self-report injection followed by non-injection) and sustained (self-report non-injection at two consecutive visits among those who previously injected) injection cessation in Appalachian Kentucky. DESIGN: Data were collected through bi-annual longitudinal assessments for Social Networks among Appalachian People (SNAP; 2008-17). Using logistic regression with generalized estimating equations that clustered on individuals, we regressed non-injection status on the number of social network members who (a) did not inject and (b) recently stopped injecting and tested for interactions between each social network exposure and prior non-injection status. Social network exposures were self-reported. SETTING: Rural eastern Kentucky, USA. PARTICIPANTS: Participants entered the analysis only after reporting recent injection and had to have had at least two consecutive study visits (n = 326). MEASUREMENTS: Interviewer-administered surveys collected individual-level socio-demographics, recent (past 6 months) drug use behaviors and the names of recent social support, sex and drug-use partners. FINDINGS: After adjusting for confounders, the number of non-injecting social network members was positively associated with recent/sustained injection cessation (adjusted odds ratio = 1.27; 95% confidence interval = 1.13-1.42) and having more social network members was associated with reduced odds of recent/sustained injection cessation. The number of previously injecting social network members who had recently stopped injecting was not statistically significantly associated with injection cessation. Neither of the interactions we tested for was statistically significant, suggesting that the relationships may be similar for those who recently stopped injecting versus had not injected for at least 1 year. CONCLUSIONS: For each additional network member who did not inject drugs, there was an increased odds of recent and sustained injection cessation among people with a history of injection drug use in Appalachian Kentucky.
Authors: Philip J Peters; Pamela Pontones; Karen W Hoover; Monita R Patel; Romeo R Galang; Jessica Shields; Sara J Blosser; Michael W Spiller; Brittany Combs; William M Switzer; Caitlin Conrad; Jessica Gentry; Yury Khudyakov; Dorothy Waterhouse; S Michele Owen; Erika Chapman; Jeremy C Roseberry; Veronica McCants; Paul J Weidle; Dita Broz; Taraz Samandari; Jonathan Mermin; Jennifer Walthall; John T Brooks; Joan M Duwve Journal: N Engl J Med Date: 2016-07-21 Impact factor: 91.245
Authors: Don C Des Jarlais; Kamyar Arasteh; Theresa Perlis; Holly Hagan; Douglas D Heckathorn; Courtney Mcknight; Heidi Bramson; Samuel R Friedman Journal: Addiction Date: 2007-05 Impact factor: 6.526
Authors: Kevin Cranston; Charles Alpren; Betsey John; Erica Dawson; Kathleen Roosevelt; Amanda Burrage; Janice Bryant; William M Switzer; Courtney Breen; Philip J Peters; Tracy Stiles; Ashley Murray; H Dawn Fukuda; William Adih; Linda Goldman; Nivedha Panneer; Barry Callis; Ellsworth M Campbell; Liisa Randall; Anne Marie France; R Monina Klevens; Sheryl Lyss; Shauna Onofrey; Christine Agnew-Brune; Michael Goulart; Hongwei Jia; Matthew Tumpney; Paul McClung; Sharoda Dasgupta; Danae Bixler; Kischa Hampton; Jenifer Leaf Jaeger; Kate Buchacz; Alfred DeMaria Journal: MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep Date: 2019-03-15 Impact factor: 17.586
Authors: Cho-Hee Shrader; Annick Borquez; Tetyana I Vasylyeva; Antoine Chaillon; Irina Artamanova; Alicia Harvey-Vera; Carlos F Vera; Gudelia Rangel; Steffanie A Strathdee; Britt Skaathun Journal: AIDS Behav Date: 2022-08-08