Amanda H Kumar1, Ankeet D Udani1, Edward R Mariano2,3. 1. Department of Anesthesiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina. 2. Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California. 3. Anesthesiology and Perioperative Care Service, Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, California.