Nitrite Production from Nitrate and Its Link with Lactate Metabolism in Oral Veillonella spp.

Veillonella species are among the major anaerobes in the oral cavity and are frequently detected in both caries lesions and healthy oral microbiomes. They possess the ability to utilize lactate and convert nitrate (NO3 -) into nitrite (NO2 -). Recently, interest in NO2 - has increased rapidly because of its beneficial effects on oral and general health; i.e., it inhibits the growth and metabolism of oral pathogenic bacteria, such as Streptococcus mutans, and lowers systemic blood pressure. However, there is only limited information about the biochemical characteristics of NO2 - production by Veillonella species. We found that NO3 - did not inhibit the growth of Veillonella atypica or Veillonella parvula, and it inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans only at a high concentration (100 mM). However, NO2 - inhibited the growth of Streptococcus mutans at a low concentration (0.5 mM), while a higher concentration of NO2 - (20 mM) was needed to inhibit the growth of Veillonella species. NO2 - production by Veillonella species was increased by environmental factors (lactate, acidic pH, and anaerobic conditions) and growth conditions (the presence of NO3 - or NO2 -) and was linked to anaerobic lactate metabolism. A stoichiometric evaluation revealed that NO3 - is reduced to NO2 - by accepting reducing power derived from the oxidization of lactate. These findings suggest that the biochemical characteristics of NO2 - production from NO3 - and its linkage with lactate metabolism in oral Veillonella species may play a key role in maintaining good oral and general health.IMPORTANCE The prevalence of dental caries is still high around the world. Dental caries is initiated when the teeth are exposed to acid, such as lactic acid, produced via carbohydrate metabolism by acidogenic microorganisms. Veillonella species, which are among the major oral microorganisms, are considered to be beneficial bacteria due to their ability to convert lactic acid to weaker acids and to produce NO2 - from NO3 -, which is thought to be good for both oral and general health. Therefore, it is clear that there is a need to elucidate the biochemical characteristics of NO2 - production in Veillonella species. The significance of our research is that we have found that lactate metabolism is linked to NO2 - production by Veillonella species in the environment found in the oral cavity. This study suggests that Veillonella species are potential candidates for maintaining oral and general health.