Sex-Related Differences in the Outcomes of Endovascular Interventions for Chronic Limb-Threatening Ischemia: Results from the LIBERTY 360 Study.

INTRODUCTION: Previous studies have suggested that women with chroniclimb-threatening ischemia (CLTI) may have worse outcomes than men. The aim of this study was to determine whether there are sex-related differences in outcomes of patients with CLTI undergoing endovascular treatment with current endovascular technologies. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Data were derived from the LIBERTY 360 study (NCT01855412). Hazard ratios and the respective 95% confidence intervals were synthesized to examine the association between sex and all-cause mortality, target vessel revascularization (TVR), major amputation, major adverse event (MAE) and major amputation/death up to 3 years of follow-up.
RESULTS: A total of 689 patients with CLTI (female: N=252 vs male: N=437) treated with any FDA approved or cleared device were included. The mean lesion length was 126.9±117.3mm and 127.4±113.3mm for the female and male patients, respectively. Although a slightly higher incidence of in-hospital mortality was observed in the female group (1.2% vs 0.0%, p=0.049), there was no difference in female vs male survival rates during follow-up. However, the risk of major amputation at 18 months was higher for the male group (male vs female: HR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.09-5.12; p=0.030). No difference between the two groups was detected in terms of TVR or MAE during follow-up. DISCUSSION: Data regarding sex-related disparity in outcomes after endovascular therapy of patients with CLTI are conflicting. Gender-related characteristics rather than biological sex characteristics might be the cause of these conflicting findings. Further studies are needed to evaluate the role of sex in revascularization outcomes among this high-risk population.

Introduction

Peripheral artery disease (PAD) affects more than 8 million patients in the United States1,2 and has been associated with morbidity and mortality rates similar to or greater than coronary artery disease (CAD).3–5 Up to 10% of patients with PAD suffer from chronic limb-threatening ischemia (CLTI).6,7 CLTI is a multilevel disease and is mainly caused by atherosclerosis.8 It has been associated with poor limb salvage (amputation rate up to 50% if left untreated), high mortality9,10 and increased utilization of health-care resources,11–13 costing more than $4 billion per year in the United States.2,14,15 The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (AHA/ACC) guidelines recommend that revascularization is a reasonable treatment option for CLTI,16 however data regarding best revascularization strategies for CLTI are sparse.17–19

Endovascular intervention is a viable treatment approach for CLTI with acceptable hemodynamic improvement and safety profile.15,20 Although endovascular therapy has been increasingly utilized,15,21 the rates of restenosis22–26 and cardiovascular events are still considerable in CLTI patients.25,26 Variable factors, including heart failure (HF), coronary artery disease (CAD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and diabetes, have been associated with an independent risk for higher mortality and worse outcome in patients with CLTI.27–31 Moreover, several studies have suggested that female patients with symptomatic PAD commonly present at an older age, with more advanced atherosclerosis32,33 and therefore they may have a worse prognosis compared to males.34–36

However, it is not yet clear to what extent sex affects the clinical outcomes among CLTI patients who undergo endovascular revascularization.34,37 Identification of such risk factors for worse prognosis could optimize the management of this highly morbid population.31,33,38-40 Thus, the aim of this study was to determine whether sex is associated with short- and long-term outcomes of endovascular therapy in patients with CLTI. We utilized data from the LIBERTY 360 study, which is a modern, real-world cohort of patients with PAD treated with endovascular approaches.20

Patients and Methods

Study Design and Patient Enrollment

LIBERTY 360 is a prospective, real-world, multicenter study (ClinicalTrials.gov; identifier: NCT01855412) that examined predictors of clinical and economic outcomes in patients undergoing lower extremity endovascular interventions for symptomatic PAD, with any FDA approved or cleared devices, between 2013 and 2016. Lesions above and below the knee were revascularized, while the target area at the infrapopliteal segment was any lesion in a native vessel located within or extending into 10 cm above the medial epicondyle to the digital arteries. A steering committee, including principal investigators, representatives from the study core laboratories, and the sponsor (Cardiovascular Systems, Inc) developed the study’s protocol, while Cardiovascular Systems, Inc was also responsible for oversight of the research process. The protocol for the LIBERTY 360 study was approved by the institutional review board of all the participating sites. The 53 sites which participated in the LIBERTY 360 study are demonstrated in . All patients provided written informed consent, and that this trial was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki. Details regarding inclusion and exclusion criteria of the LIBERTY 360 study were previously published41 and can also be found at: .

Renal disease was defined as calculated eGFR < 60 or kidney damage of at least 3 months; hyperlipidemia was defined as cholesterol levels > 200mg/dl or LDL > 100mg/dl or dyslipidemia requiring medication; hypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure > 140 mmHg or diastolic blood pressure > 90 mmHg or requiring medication for blood pressure control. For the current study, only patients with CLTI were included and sex-related comparisons were performed (female vs male). A total of 689 patients treated with endovascular procedures for CLTI were ultimately identified. Angiographic data were adjudicated by SynvaCor/Prairie Educational and Research Cooperative (PERC; Springfield, IL, USA). In the analyses of this LIBERTY 360 sub-study core lab data were preferred in order to minimize any potential bias. However, in cases where the core laboratory was not able to assess significant angiographic complications, site reported data were used. Patient demographics and lesion characteristics stratified by sex are summarized in Tables 1 and 2 respectively.

Table 1

Baseline Characteristics of Participants

Characteristics	Male (n=437)	Female (n=252)	P-value
Age, year	69.6 ± 10.8 (N=436)	70.5 ± 12.0 (N=252)	0.306
Race
American Indian or Alaska Native	2 (0.5%)	2 (0.8%)	0.626
Asian	2 (0.5%)	0 (0.0%)	0.535
Black or African American	59 (13.5%)	51 (20.2%)	0.023
Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander	0 (0.0%)	1 (0.4%)	0.366
White	367 (84.0%)	194 (77.0%)	0.025
Other	7 (1.6%)	4 (1.6%)	1.000
BMI	29.0 ± 6.0 (N=437)	29.4 ± 7.0 (N=252)	0.404
eGFR	60.1 ± 29.0 (N=436)	57.9 ± 29.5 (N=252)	0.342
Smoking history	306 (70.0%)	133 (52.8%)	<.0001
Current smoker	72 (16.5%)	44 (17.5%)	0.752
Former smoker	234 (53.5%)	89 (35.3%)	<.0001
Diabetes	317 (72.5%)	169 (67.1%)	0.140
Hyperlipidemia	372 (85.1%)	207 (82.1%)	0.331
Hypertension	402 (92.0%)	240 (95.2%)	0.118
Renal disease	180 (41.2%)	95 (37.7%)	0.376
Among patients with renal disease, patients being on hemodialysis	44 (24.4%)	26 (27.4%)	0.663
Coronary artery disease	287 (65.7%)	142 (56.3%)	0.018
Myocardial infarction	127 (29.1%)	43 (17.1%)	0.0005
Stroke/TIA	60 (13.7%)	41 (16.3%)	0.373
Run-off vessels pre-treatment (Core lab)	N=389	N=226	0.326
3	49 (12.6%)	41 (18.1%)	0.076
2	152 (39.1%)	83 (36.7%)	0.606
1	137 (35.2%)	75 (33.2%)	0.660
0	51 (13.1%)	27 (11.9%)	0.708
Run-off vessels post-treatment (Core lab)	N=342	N=192	0.453
3	72 (21.1%)	49 (25.5%)	0.238
2	144 (42.1%)	72 (37.5%)	0.313
1	114 (33.3%)	67 (34.9%)	0.775
0	12 (3.5%)	4 (2.1%)	0.436
Previous EVT of target limb	N=437	N=252	0.778
No	305 (69.8%)	164 (65.1%)
Yes	131 (30.0%)	88 (34.9%)
Unknown	1 (0.2%)	0 (0.0%)
Previous bypass surgery of target limb	N=437	N=252	0.399
No	416 (95.2%)	244 (96.8%)
Yes	20 (4.6%)	8 (3.2%)
Unknown	1 (0.2%)	0 (0.0%)
Prior stent placed, target limb	N=437	N=252	0.770
No	374 (85.6%)	216 (85.7%)
Yes	62 (14.2%)	36 (14.3%)
Unknown	1 (0.2%)	0 (0.0%)
Previous amputations of target limb	N=437	N=252	0.209
Target limb	33 (7.6%)	19 (7.5%)	1.000
Non-target limb	48 (11.0%)	19 (7.5%)	0.181
Both limbs	20 (4.6%)	6 (2.4%)	0.212
None	336 (76.9%)	208 (82.5%)	0.082
If previous amputations, target limb	N=53	N=25	0.698
Above knee	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–
Below knee/above ankle	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	–
Toe(s) only	50 (94.3%)	25 (100.0%)	0.547
Foot only	4 (7.5%)	0 (0.0%)	0.300
Antiplatelet therapy at discharge	405 (92.7%)	232 (92.1%)	0.767
Aspirin	345 (78.9%)	204 (81.0%)	0.557
Clopidogrel	313 (71.6%)	196 (77.8%)	0.087
Dual	284 (65.0%)	186 (73.8%)	0.018
Anti-coagulants at discharge	49 (11.2%)	29 (11.5%)	0.901
Warfarin	33 (7.6%)	18 (7.1%)	0.881
Other	16 (3.7%)	12 (4.8%)	0.549
Anti-hyperlipidemic at discharge	351 (80.3%)	185 (73.4%)	0.037
Anti-hypertensive at discharge	388 (88.8%)	229 (90.9%)	0.439
Hospitalization	222 (50.8%)	143 (56.7%)	0.133
Among patients hospitalized, ICU admissions	N=222	N=143	1.000
No	198 (89.2%)	127 (88.8%)
Yes	24 (10.8%)	16 (11.2%)
Time of admission to discharge, hours	44.2 ± 104.2 (N=435)	40.1 ± 83.5 (N=252)	0.597

Abbreviations: N, number of patients; BMI, body mass index; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; TIA, transient ischemic attack; EVT, endovascular therapy; ICU, intensive care unit.

Table 2

Lesion Characteristics

Characteristics	Male (N=596)	Female (N=327)	P-value
Lesion location within the leg (summarized)	N=596	N=327	0.028
ATK Only	142 (23.8%)	105 (32.1%)	0.008
BTK Only	375 (62.9%)	178 (54.4%)	0.014
Unknown	1 (0.2%)	1 (0.3%)	1.0000
Lesion location within the leg	N=596	N=327	0.025
SFA Only	15 (2.5%)	14 (4.3%)	0.167
SFA to popliteal	51 (8.6%)	48 (14.7%)	0.005
Popliteal only	76 (12.8%)	43 (13.1%)	0.918
ATK and BTK	78 (13.1%)	43 (13.1%)	1.000
SFA to BTK	16 (2.7%)	13 (4.0%)	0.325
Popliteal to BTK	62 (10.4%)	30 (9.2%)	0.646
BTK Only	375 (62.9%)	178 (54.4%)	0.014
Unknown	1 (0.2%)	1 (0.3%)	1.000
Mean target lesion length, mm	127.4 ± 113.3 (N=559)	126.9 ± 117.3 (N=305)	0.950
Target lesion length (mm)	N=559	N=305	0.929
<40	152 (27.2%)	83 (27.2%)	1.000
40–99	141 (25.2%)	80 (26.2%)	0.745
≥100	266 (47.6%)	142 (46.6%)	0.776
Mean distal RVD, mm	3.2 ± 1.3 (N=574)	3.0 ± 1.0 (N=311)	0.013
Mean preprocedural MLD, mm	0.6 ± 0.8 (N=579)	0.6 ± 0.8 (N=315)	0.856
Mean preprocedural stenosis, %	83.4 ± 19.6 (N=582)	81.8 ± 20.0 (N=316)	0.247
Chronic total occlusion of the lesion	260/582 (44.7%)	128/316 (40.5%)	0.232
TASC lesion type	N=575	N=311	0.742
A	272 (47.3%)	144 (46.3%)	0.778
B	101 (17.6%)	62 (19.9%)	0.414
C	103 (17.9%)	58 (18.6%)	0.785
D	99 (17.2%)	47 (15.1%)	0.449
Predominantly calcified plaque	341/553 (61.7%)	155/305 (50.8%)	0.002
PARC stenosis	N=582	N=316	0.654
Mild	38 (6.5%)	22 (7.0%)	0.782
Moderate	106 (18.2%)	65 (20.6%)	0.423
Severe	178 (30.6%)	101 (32.0%)	0.706
Occluded	260 (44.7%)	128 (40.5%)	0.232
Target lesion access site	N=648	N=362	0.242
Femoral	597 (92.1%)	348 (96.1%)	0.016
Popliteal	3 (0.5%)	2 (0.6%)	1.000
Tibial	50 (7.7%)	18 (5.0%)	0.116
Pedal	41 (6.3%)	17 (4.7%)	0.325
Toe	0 (0.0%)	0 (0.0%)	-
Brachial	1 (0.2%)	0 (0.0%)	1.000
Approach	N=648	N=362	0.572
Ipsilateral	171 (26.4%)	85 (23.5%)	0.327
Contralateral	429 (66.2%)	251 (69.3%)	0.328
Dual access	48 (7.4%)	26 (7.2%)	1.000
Access site position relative to lesion	N=648	N=362	0.614
Anterograde	554 (85.5%)	316 (87.3%)	0.449
Retrograde	46 (7.1%)	20 (5.5%)	0.356
Dual access	48 (7.4%)	26 (7.2%)	1.000
Mean postprocedural MLD, mm	2.3 ± 1.3 (N=560)	2.3 ± 1.1 (N=305)	0.967
Mean acute MLD gain	1.7 ± 1.1 (N=553)	1.7 ± 1.1 (N=302)	0.931
Mean postprocedural stenosis, %	35.2 ± 21.6 (N=560)	32.0 ± 20.4 (N=306)	0.034

Abbreviations: ATK, above the knee; SFA, superficial femoral; BTK, below the knee; RVD, reference vessel diameter; MLD, minimal lumen diameter; TASC, Trans-Atlantic Inter-Society Consensus Document; PARC, Consensus Definitions from Peripheral Academic Research Consortium; N, number of lesions.

Study Endpoints and Statistical Analysis

Descriptive statistics were used for baseline demographics and lesion characteristics. Categorical variables are presented as absolute and relative frequencies (ie, percentages) and were compared with Monte Carlo approximation of the Fisher's exact test. Numeric data are presented as mean ± standard deviation (SD) and compared using ANOVA or a paired t test, while discrete data were compared with the Kruskal–Wallis test or Wilcoxon signed-rank test for paired data. Site reported data regarding significant angiographic complications (ie, flow-limiting dissection, perforation, distal embolization, acute vessel closure), procedural and lesion success of core lab identified lesions were used, when core lab was unable to perform angiographic assessment. Primary endpoints were: i) procedural success assessed by the angiographic core laboratory as less than 50% residual stenosis without significant angiographic complications (ie, flow-limiting dissection, perforation, distal embolization, abrupt closure) and ii) incidence of major adverse events (MAE) defined as death within 30 days of the primary procedure, unplanned major amputation of the target limb, and clinically driven target vessel revascularization (CD-TVR) as assessed by the angiographic core laboratory when angiographic images were available. Secondary endpoints were lesion success (<50% residual stenosis, without significant angiographic complications) target vessel revascularization (TVR), death, major amputation of the target limb, wound healing and the combined outcome of death or major amputation during follow-up. Secondary outcomes also included ankle brachial Index (ABI) and Rutherford class (RC). The ABI and RC were also assessed during follow-up, however as the 3-year follow visit was a phone visit, ABI and RC could be assessed only up to 2 years of follow-up. In addition, Cox regression among males vs females was synthesized for MAE, death, major amputation, and major amputation or death in up to 36 months of follow-up. As no clinically significant differences were identified between male and female baseline demographic, lesion and procedural characteristics, no sensitivity analyses were synthesized. Kaplan-Meier curves for female vs male patients were estimated for primary and secondary outcomes and compared with the Log-rank test. All statistical analyses were conducted by NAMSA (Northwood, OH, USA), and for all tests, p-values <0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results

Patients and Lesion Characteristics

A total of 689 patients with CLTI (Female: N=252 vs Male: N=437), with 923 treated lesions (Female: N=327 vs Male: N=596), were included. Detailed patient characteristics are presented in Table 1 and . Based on the baseline case report forms, women had lower rates of previous smoking history (Females: 52.8% vs Males: 70.0%; p <0.001), lower rates of coronary artery disease (CAD) (Females: 56.3% vs Males: 65.7%; p= 0.018), while there were significantly fewer Caucasians in the female group (Females: 77.0% vs Males: 84.0%; p= 0.025). Moreover, women had higher rates of dual-anti-platelet therapy (DAPT) prescription at discharge (Females: 73.8% vs Males: 65.0%; p= 0.018). Women had 126.9±117.3mm mean target lesion length vs men: 127.4±: 113.3mm, without any statistical difference between the two groups (p= 0.950). The women compared to men had more lesions located at the superficial femoral artery (SFA) extending to the popliteal artery (Females: 14.7% vs Males: 8.6%; p= 0.005), while lesions isolated below the knee (BTK) were more commonly observed in men (Females: 54.4% vs Males: 62.9%; p= 0.014). Detailed lesion characteristics are summarized in Table 2.

Procedure Characteristics and Short-Term Outcomes

For almost all lesions, balloon angioplasty was the preferred treatment approach (Females: 319/324; 98.5% vs Males: 562/584; 96.2%; p= 0.067), with bailout stenting occurring in 2.8% (N=9/324) of females and in 4.3% (25/584) of males (p=0.280). Important procedural characteristics are provided in Table 3. Overall, significant angiographic complications occurred in 10.5% of all lesions treated (Females: 38/324; 11.7% vs Males: 58/591; 9.8%; p= 0.485). In total, target lesion success, was 78.9% (N=243/307) in the female group vs 78.3% (N=443/566) in male group, without any significant difference between the two groups (p=0.864). In-hospital TVR, MAE and major amputation rates were not statistically different between the two groups, however more in-hospital death occurred among females (Females: 1.2%; N=3/247 vs Males: 0.0%; N=0/422; p= 0.049). The causes of in-hospital death are presented in . Detailed information regarding periprocedural complications and short-term outcomes is presented in Table 4 and .

Table 3

Procedure Characteristics and Target Lesion Device Use

Characteristics	Male (N=437)	Female (N=252)	P-value
Mean procedure time, minutes	84.9 ± 47.4 (N=437)	77.8 ± 41.3 (N=251)	0.049
Mean fluoroscopy time, minutes	28.1 ± 19.4 (N=434)	24.2 ± 15.3 (N=250)	0.006
Mean Contrast volume, mL	166.4 ± 98.3 (N=436)	165.4 ± 81.3 (N=250)	0.898
Inflow vessel disease (>50% stenosis)	151 (34.6%)	95 (37.7%)	0.410
Inflow treatment performed, target limb	N=296	N=178	0.658
No	227 (76.7%)	133 (74.7%)
Yes	69 (23.3%)	45 (25.3%)
Target lesions treated per subject (Core lab)	1.4 ± 0.6 (N=436)	1.3 ± 0.6 (N=251)	0.213
Mean number of devices used per subject (atherectomy, balloon, stent)	3.5 ± 2.1 (N=437)	3.3 ± 2.0 (N=252)	0.151
Device information available from site (Core lab)	N=596	N=327	0.280
No	12 (2.0%)	3 (0.9%)
Yes	584 (98.0%)	324 (99.1%)
Lesions treated with balloons	562/584 (96.2%)	319/324 (98.5%)	0.067
POBA	475 (81.3%)	256 (79.0%)	0.431
DCB	40 (6.8%)	25 (7.7%)	0.687
Cutting	48 (8.2%)	36 (11.1%)	0.153
Focal Force	83(14.2%)	45 (13.9%)	0.921
Scoring	8 (1.4%)	3 (0.9%)	0.755
Mean maximum nominal balloon diameter, mm	3.8 ± 1.4 (N=562)	3.8 ± 1.3 (N=319)	0.755
Mean maximum balloon length, mm	139.1 ± 114.1 (N=562)	136.7 ± 77.3 (N=319)	0.743
Bail out stenting	25/584 (4.3%)	9/324 (2.8%)	0.280
Lesions treated with atherectomy	383/584 (65.6%)	219/324 (67.6%)	0.558
Diamondback	283 (48.5%)	152 (46.9%)	0.678
Jetstream	6 (1.0%)	7 (2.2%)	0.242
Laser	37 (6.3%)	18 (5.6%)	0.667
Rotablator	5 (0.9%)	2 (0.6%)	1.000
Turbohawk/Silverhawk/HawkOne	50 (8.6%)	37 (11.4%)	0.195
Phoenix	9 (1.5%)	5 (1.5%)	1.000
Bard Crosser	3 (0.5%)	5 (1.5%)	0.142
Lesions treated with stent	86/584 (14.7%)	50/324 (15.4%)	0.772
DES	34 (5.8%)	15 (4.6%)	0.540
BMS	53 (9.1%)	35 (10.8%)	0.414
Covered	5 (0.9%)	1 (0.3%)	0.430
Mean maximum stent diameter, mm	5.1 ± 1.4 (N=86)	5.2 ± 1.3 (N=50)	0.818
Mean maximum stent length, mm	81.3 ± 48.5 (N=86)	86.3 ± 43.1 (N=50)	0.550

Abbreviations: POBA, plain balloon angioplasty; DCB, drug-coated balloon; DES, drug-eluting stents; BMS, bare metal stents; N, number of patients.

Table 4

Periprocedural Complications and Short-Term Outcomes (in-Hospital)

Characteristics	Male	Female	P-value
Procedural success (<50% residual stenosis, without significant angiographic complications)	297/403 (73.7%)	179/234 (76.5%)	0.451
Lesion success (<50% residual stenosis, without significant angiographic complications)	443/566 (78.3%)	243/307 (78.9%)	0.864
Abrupt closure	14/594 (2.4%)	2/327 (0.6%)	0.022
Severe angiographic complications	58/591 (9.8%)	38/324 (11.7%)	0.485
Severe dissection (Type C-F)	20/594 (3.4%)	5/327 (1.5%)	0.083
Perforation	9/594 (1.5%)	7/327 (2.1%)	0.508
Distal embolization	25/591 (4.2%)	24/324 (7.4%)	0.106
In-hospital MAE	3/422 (0.7%)	6/247 (2.4%)	0.083
In-hospital death	0/422 (0.0%)	3/247 (1.2%)	0.049
In-hospital major amputation	2/422 (0.5%)	2/247 (0.8%)	0.623
In-hospital TVR	1/422 (0.2%)	1/247 (0.4%)	1.000

Abbreviations: MAE, major adverse event; TVR, target vessel revascularization.

Outcomes in Follow-up

Periprocedural (within 30 days) ABI was improved compared to preprocedural values of each group, with males having a better 30-day ABI overall. ABI values remained higher for males until two years of follow up, however, at 2 years of follow up the change in median ABI from baseline was not statistically different between the two groups. The periprocedural (within 30 days) median Rutherford classification of both groups was similar. No differences in median Rutherford classification between female and male patients were observed during 2 years of follow up. Details about ABI and Rutherford classification (categorical and continuous variables) during follow up are presented in .

Female patients treated for CLTI had a lower risk for major amputation or death during 18-month follow up, compared to males (HR: 1.53; 95% CI: 1.02 - 2.30; p= 0.042). The risk of major amputation at 18-months was lower for the female group (HR: 2.36; 95% CI: 1.09 -5.12; p= 0.030), whereas the 18-month death rates were similar between the groups. At 24 months after the primary procedure although female sex was strongly correlated with less risk for major amputation (HR: 2.02; 95% CI: 1.00 - 4.08; p= 0.051) or the combined outcome of major amputation or death (HR: 1.43; 95% CI: 0.98 - 2.08; p= 0.060), no statistical difference was reached. The risk for major amputation remained similar for females vs males at 36-month follow up as well (HR: 1.69; 95% CI: 0.87-3.26; p= 0.119). The MAE, TVR and mortality risk rates were similar between the two groups and did not change during 36-month follow up.The KM survival curves for major amputation and major amputation or death combined are illustrated in Figures 1 and 2 respectively. The HRs of the outcomes and the corresponding KM estimates at several follow up time intervals are reported in Table 5 and respectively.

Figure 1

Kaplan–Meier estimates of freedom from major amputation during follow-up.

Figure 2

Kaplan–Meier estimates of freedom from major amputation/death during follow-up.

Table 5

Hazard Ratios (HR) and 95% Confidence Intervals of Outcomes During Follow-Up (Male Vs Female)

Outcomes	HR 95% CI	P-value
1-month
MAE	1.40 [0.65, 3.05]	0.391
Death	0.57 [0.12, 2.83]	0.493
Major amputation	1.53 [0.40, 5.75]	0.532
TVR	2.68 [0.77, 9.32]	0.121
Major amputation/death	0.95 [0.35, 2.63]	0.928
6-month
MAE	1.23 [0.84, 1.80]	0.299
Death	1.35 [0.69, 2.66]	0.380
Major amputation	1.83 [0.78, 4.29]	0.162
TVR	1.26 [0.82, 1.93]	0.293
Major amputation/death	1.42 [0.83, 2.42]	0.199
12-month
MAE	1.13 [0.83, 1.54]	0.450
Death	1.18 [0.70, 1.98]	0.546
Major amputation	2.13 [0.98, 4.67]	0.058
TVR	1.09 [0.78, 1.52]	0.627
Major amputation/death	1.35 [0.87, 2.09]	0.175
18-month
MAE	1.10 [0.82, 1.46]	0.537
Death	1.37 [0.85, 2.22]	0.192
Major amputation	2.36 [1.09, 5.12]	0.030
TVR	1.05 [0.77, 1.43]	0.771
Major amputation/death	1.53 [1.02, 2.30]	0.042
24-month
MAE	1.15 [0.87, 1.53]	0.326
Death	1.35 [0.87, 2.09]	0.178
Major amputation	2.02 [1.00, 4.08]	0.051
TVR	1.10 [0.81, 1.49]	0.527
Major amputation/death	1.43 [0.98, 2.08]	0.060
36-month
MAE	1.19 [0.90, 1.56]	0.224
Death	1.24 [0.85, 1.80]	0.260
Major amputation	1.69 [0.87, 3.26]	0.119
TVR	1.13 [0.84, 1.51]	0.426
Major amputation/death	1.29 [0.93, 1.79]	0.133

Abbreviations: MAE, major adverse event; TVR, target vessel revascularization; HR, hazard ratio; CI, confidence interval.

Wound Healing Rates

At baseline all patients presented with wound(s) on the target limb. At 6 months of follow-up 20.3% (38/187) female and 29.4% (86/293) male patients were seeing a wound-care specialist for wounds on target limb. Among these patients, the change in seeing a wound care specialist for wound(s) was similar between the two groups (worsened: Females: N=15/187; 8.0% vs Males: N=13/293; 4.4%; p= 0.113; improved: Females: 21.9% vs Males: 16.4%; p= 0.148). The change in seeing a wound care specialist for wound(s) on the target limb remained similar among females and males during 1 year (worsened: Females: N=11/159; 6.9% vs Males: N=10/266; 3.8%; p= 0.168; improved: Females: N=33/159; 20.8% vs Males: N=64/266; 24.1%; p= 0.475) and 2 years (worsened: Females: N=3/127; 2.4% vs Males: N=4/201; 2.0%; p= 1.000; improved: Females: N=32/127 25.2% vs Males: N=54/201; 26.9%; p= 0.797) of follow-up.

Discussion

This study utilized data from the multicenter LIBERTY 360 trial20 to investigate the role of sex in outcomes of CLTI patients undergoing endovascular therapy. In general, there were only a few differences among the groups in terms of baseline characteristics, with fewer female patients being previous smokers, Caucasians or having diagnosed CAD. Our study was based on real-world data and indicated that both female and male patients presented, most commonly, with isolated infrapopliteal disease. This study also demonstrated that females had higher in-hospital all-cause mortality rates compared to men. However, none of the deaths were attributed to the procedure. Separate analyses at several time intervals after the primary procedure provided evidence that although female sex was associated with lower rates of major amputation and major amputation/death combined at 18-month follow-up, the 36-month MAE, TVR and mortality risk rates were similar between the two groups.

Previous studies have investigated several risk factors for the prognosis of endovascular treatment in patients with CLTI.5,42–45 Although the role of sex has been investigated in CAD and cerebrovascular disease,34,46-48 sex-related differences in CLTI patients requiring endovascular treatment remains understudied.33,34 Thus, the American Heart Association has called to action studies of women and PAD outcomes.34 CLTI has been associated with high morbidity and mortality, significantly increasing health-care costs.11–13,49 Moreover, CLTI causes severe physical function restriction with devastating consequences for the patients.50 Thus, as there are no specific guidelines to determine the prognosis of endovascular therapy in CLTI patients, identifying several risk factors related to poor outcomes, could improve management and delay major amputations.49

In general, it has been observed that female patients often present with more advanced PAD, at an older age compared to men and as such are at higher risk of adverse outcomes.32 A previous retrospective analysis demonstrated that these differences in presentation persisted among patients treated with PTA alone, primary stenting, or atherectomy with/without PTA for symptomatic PAD.51 Additional to differences in presentation, it has been considered that biological sex characteristics might influence the long-term outcomes of revascularization procedures in patients with CLTI.35,36,52–54 A previous analysis of representative state administrative databases indicated that female sex was associated with higher risk of mortality, especially when women had a history of CAD or cerebrovascular disease.35 Similarly, Ramkumar et al, utilizing data from the Vascular Quality Initiative (VQI) database, suggested that women undergoing endovascular therapy for symptomatic PAD, were at higher risk for reintervention and/or re-occlusion during a median follow-up of 1-year.51 Nonetheless, these studies did not exclusively include patients with CLTI.35,51

A retrospective study by McCoach et al, investigating the outcome of angioplasty in 97 women and 122 men with CTLI exclusively, demonstrated that women were at higher risk for major adverse cardiovascular events during a median follow-up of 2.2 years, although women had lower prevalence of CAD at baseline.33 In our study (N= 689) no difference was observed in terms of all-cause death during a 3-year follow-up, although the female population of our study had higher prevalence of several comorbidities (eg, CAD, hypertension, diabetes, etc.). Considering that the most common cause of mortality among this high-risk population is cardiovascular death,6 the results of our study were different from the McCoach study. Interestingly, a large multicenter observational study (N=2523) comparing clinical outcomes of endovascular therapy for PAD between women and men showed that female sex was a risk factor for death, MI and major amputation among caludicants.55 However, a sensitivity analysis of this study, including only CLTI cases, failed to show any difference between the female and male group over a median follow-up of 701 days, which was similar to our results.55 Thereby it could be hypothesized that lesion and procedural characteristics rather than biological sex differences affect the prognosis of CLTI patients undergoing endovascular revascularization procedures. However, as data are sparse, more research is warranted in order to identify whether female sex is a risk factor for clinical outcomes of endovascular interventions for CLTI.

Although the late survival rate does not seem to be affected by sex, our study demonstrated a higher incidence of in-hospital death among female patients indicating that sex might play a role in short- rather than long-term outcomes. However, all causes of in-hospital death were not related to the procedure (ie, two death events were attributed to end-stage renal disease and one to amputation due to necrotic toes). ESRD, a high-risk co-morbidity that is a patient-specific variable for early mortality, is independent of sex, as such we believe that female sex is not a risk factor for undergoing endovascular therapy for the treatment of CLTI. In accordance with that, a recent prospective study utilizing data from the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) database failed to show any association between sex and in-hospital mortality among CLTI patients.56 Miller et al, studying patients with lifestyle limiting claudication, who received endovascular or open surgical repair, demonstrated that women had higher inpatient mortality compared to men, however they suggested that sex might be a predictor for patients with claudication rather CLTI.57 Although several etiologies, including hormonal differences between men and women, have been considered to affect outcomes of revascularization strategies in patients with PAD, the results are conflicting. Therefore, sex-related disparity in CLTI patients undergoing endovascular treatment warrants further research in order to identify whether female sex is a risk factor for late mortality.

Interestingly, our study based on real-world data indicated that female sex might be a protective factor for major amputation at 18-month follow-up. The KM survival estimates for the outcome of major amputation at 18 months (Females: 96.5% vs Males: 91.8%; Log-rank test: p= 0.025) and 24 months (Females: 95.3% vs Males: 91.1%; Log-rank test: p= 0.046) of follow-up were better in females compared to males undergoing endovascular revascularization. Moreover, the KM estimates of freedom from major amputation or death at 18 months of follow-up were also favorable for the female patients, although these results might be driven by the significantly lower amputation rates among females. However, previous studies including either only CLTI patients33 or mixed groups of patients with CLTI/claudication reported similar rates of major amputation between the two groups.33,58 As in our study significantly more men presented with isolated BTK disease, we believe that different lesion characteristics might have affected our results.

Isolated infrapopliteal lesions, being commonly observed among diabetics or patients with ESRD and elderly,59 have been associated with higher incidence of limb loss due to poor initial runoff and severe comorbidities.59 Several studies have indicated that women more commonly present with diffuse femoropopliteal lesions,60 while other investigators have suggested that women with CLTI might have a higher incidence of BTK only disease.61,62 Thus, the data regarding the impact of sex on lesion location and lesion characteristics exhibit high heterogeneity. In our study, most patients had isolated infrapopliteal disease, with men having more isolated lesions located at the infrapopliteal segment than women. The effect of sex on revascularization outcomes in patients with CLTI is yet not clear and most available data are conflicting. We believe that unmeasured patient factors, rather than biological sex characteristics are the cause for the differences observed among women and men with CLTI, undergoing endovascular revascularization. Furthermore, a multivariate assessment of several risk factors will provide a more accurate prediction of outcomes, rather than the assessment of a single characteristic. Further studies are needed to evaluate sex-related variation in prognosis among patients with CLTI.

Limitations

The LIBERTY 360 study was a multicenter, core-laboratory adjudicated study with data about patients (ie, patients with CLTI) that were typically excluded from large clinical trials. However, our results should be interpreted in the context of several limitations. First, this is a post hoc analysis of data retrieved from the LIBERTY 360 study, which was an observational nonrandomized study of endovascular therapies, sparing open surgery.20 Second, site and patient participation bias may be resulted due to the requirement of extensive testing. Third, the outcomes might have been affected by the variable devices being used and the different preferred treatment algorithms among the physicians (eg, atherectomy, drug-eluting technology utilization, etc.). Thus, although this study provides important information regarding long-term outcomes (3-year follow-up) of endovascular therapy for CLTI among males vs females, its generalizability might be limited due to the lower drug-eluting technology utilization. However, taking into account the recently raised mortality concerns for DCB technology, this study significantly adds to the literature. Moreover, this study was sponsored by a company promoting atherectomy and as such bias could be attributed to extensive use of orbital atherectomy. Last, the lesion location exhibited high heterogeneity and sensitivity analyses for lesions limited to infrapopliteal or femoropopliteal segment could not be synthesized. Further studies should separately investigate the role of sex in short- and long-term outcomes of femoropopliteal/infrapopliteal revascularizations among patients with CLTI or claudication.

Conclusions

Females exhibited higher in-hospital all-cause mortality among patients undergoing endovascular revascularization, however no death was related to the procedure. At 18-months follow-up, female patients were at lower risk for major amputation and major amputation/death compared to men. Data regarding sex disparity in outcomes of endovascular therapy of patients with CLTI are conflicting. Unmeasured patient factors rather than biological sex characteristics might be the actual cause of these variable results. Further studies should guide the development of treatment algorithms based on multivariate assessment of risk factors for a more accurate prediction of outcomes among female and male patients.