| Literature DB >> 32752583 |
Yangyang Xu1, Ping Zhan2, Yong Song1,2.
Abstract
Small cell lung cancer (SCLC) is a "refractory cancer" characterized by rapid growth and extensive early metastasis. About 70% of patients are already in the extensive stage at the time of diagnosis. Despite the high response rate to platinum-contained first-line chemotherapy, almost all patients subsequently experienced inevitable recurrence and had poor response to second-line treatment. The high mutation load and immunogenicity of SCLC suggest that immunotherapy may be effective for SCLC patients. Over the past few years, several clinical trials have evaluated the efficacy of checkpoint inhibitors [mainly cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand-1 (PD-L1) inhibitors] in SCLC patients and demonstrated promising survival prospects. This article reviewed the clinical studies of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) in the first-line, maintenance and second or more line treatment of SCLC. Besides, predictive biomarkers were discussed to select suitable patients for immunotherapy effectively.Entities:
Keywords: Biomarkers; Immunotherapy; Small cell lung cancer
Mesh:
Year: 2020 PMID: 32752583 PMCID: PMC7679219 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2020.105.02
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Zhongguo Fei Ai Za Zhi ISSN: 1009-3419
已经完成的免疫治疗应用于小细胞肺癌的临床试验
Completed clinical trials with immune checkpoint inhibitors for Small cell lung cancer (SCLC)
| Trial | Author | Year | Phase | No. | Patient selection | Treatment regimen | Primary endpoint | Results | Toxicity |
| irPFS: immune-related progression-free survival; No.: number of patients; ChT: chemotherapy; mo: month; OS: overall survival; PFS: progression free survival; mDOR: median duration of response; ORR: objective response rate; irORR: confirmed ORR by irRC; DCR: disease control rate; SBRT: stereotactic body radiotherapy; NA: not available; HR: hazard ratio; ≤2L: not more than 2 lines of therapy; 1L: first-line treatment; ES-SCLC: extensive-stage small cell lung cancer; LS-SCLC: limited-stage small cell lung cancer; PD-L1: programmed death ligand-1. | |||||||||
| First-line treatment | |||||||||
| Immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy | |||||||||
| CA184-041 | Reck | 2013 | II | 42 | Previously untreated ES-SCLC | Arm A (Phased): placebo/paclitaxel /carboplatin → ipilimumab (10 mg/kg)/paclitaxel/carboplatin; | irPFS | Arm A | Grade 3/4: 53.0% |
| CA184-156 | Reck | 2016 | III | 478 | Previously untreated ES-SCLC | Arm A: etoposide+platinum+ipilimumab | OS | mOS: 11.0 mo | Grade 3/4: 48.0% |
| NCT01331525 | Arriola | 2016 | II | 38 | Previously untreated ES-SCLC | Carboplatin+etoposide+ipilimumab (10 mg/kg) | 1-year PFS | 1-year PFS rate: 15.8%; | Grade 3/4: 89.7%; |
| IMpower133 | Horn | 2018 | III | 201 | Previously untreated | Arm A: carboplatin+etoposide+atezolizumab | PFS, OS | mOS: 12.3 mo | Grade 3/4: 39.9% |
| CASPIAN | Paz-Ares | 2019 | III | 268 | Previously untreated | Arm A: durvalumab 1, 500 mg+carboplatin/cisplatin+etoposide; | OS | mOS: 13 mo | Grade 3/4: 62.0% |
| Maintenance treatment | |||||||||
| Monotherapy | |||||||||
| NCT02359019 | Gadgeel | 2018 | II | 45 | ES-SCLC with a | Pembrolizumab 200 mg | PFS | mPFS: 1.4 mo; | Grade 3/4: 5.0%; |
| Double checkpoint inhibitor combination | |||||||||
| CheckMate 451 | Owonikoko | 2019 | III | 279 | ES-SCLC with a | Arm A: nivolumab 1 mg/kg+ipilimumab 3 mg/kg → nivolumab 240 mg; | OS for Arm A | OS: Arm A | Grade 3/4: 52.0% |
| Second-line or further treatments | |||||||||
| Monotherapy | |||||||||
| CheckMate 032 | Antonia | 2016 | I/II, non-randomized cohort | 98 | Progressed after at least one platinum-based | Arm A: nivolumab 3 mg/kg; | ORR | ORR: 10% | Grade 3/4: 13.0% |
| CheckMate 032 | Ready | 2019 | I/II, randomized cohort | 147 | Progressed after at least one platinum-based | Arm A: nivolumab 3 mg/kg; | ORR | ORR: 11.6% | Grade 3/4: 12.9% |
| CheckMate 331 | Reck | 2018 | III | 284 | Progressed after 1L platinum-based ChT, SCLC | Arm A: nivolumab; | OS | mOS: 7.5 mo | Grade 3/4: 14.0% |
| KEYNOTE-028 | Ott | 2017 | Ib | 24 | Progressed after | Pembrolizumab 10 mg/kg | Safety, ORR | ORR: 33.3%; | Grade 3-5: 33.3% |
| KEYNOTE-158 | Chung | 2018 | II | 107 | Progressed after | Pembrolizumab 200 mg | ORR | ORR: 18.7%; | All grades: 59.0%; |
| NCT01375842 | Sequist | 2016 | Ia | 17 | Progressed after | Atezolizumab 15 mg/kg or 1, 200 mg | NA | irORR: 24%; | All grades: 65.0% |
| IFCT-1603 | Pujol | 2019 | II, non-comparative | 49 | Progressed after | Arm A: atezolizumab 1, 200 mg; | ORR at 6 weeks | ORR at 6 weeks: 2.3% | Grade 3/4: 4.2% |
| NCT01693562 | Goldman | 2018 | I/II | 21 | Pretreated ES-SCLC | Durvalumab 10 mg/kg | Safety | ORR: 9.5%; | Grade 3/4: 0 |
| Immunotherapy combined with chemotherapy | |||||||||
| NCT0255143 | Kim | 2019 | II | 26 | Progressed after | Paclitaxel 175 mg/m2+pembrolizumab 200 mg | ORR | ORR: 23.1%; | Grade 3/4: 38.5% |
| Double checkpoint inhibitor combination | |||||||||
| NCT02261220 | Cho | 2018 | I | 30 | Pretreated ES-SCLC | Durvalumab 20 mg/kg+tremelimumab 1 mg/kg | NA | ORR: 13.3%; | Grade 3/4: 23.0% |
| BALTIC | Bondarenko | 2018 | II | 21 | Platinum-refractory/resistant ES-SCLC | Durvalumab 1, 500 mg+tremelimumab 75 mg → durvalumab 1, 500 mg | ORR | ORR: 9.5% | Grade 3/4: 48.0% |
| Immunotherapy combined with radiotherapy | |||||||||
| NCT02701400 | Owonikoko | 2019 | II | 8 | Relapsed SCLC, received≤2L of therapy | Arm A: tremelimumab 1, 500 mg+durvalumab 75 mg; | NA | mPFS: 2.1 mo | NA |
图 1小细胞肺癌免疫治疗进展的时间轴
Timeline of immunotherapy progress for SCLC. 1L: first-line treatment; 2L: 2 lines of therapy; 3L: 3 lines of therapy.
正在进行的免疫治疗联合放疗应用于小细胞肺癌的临床试验
Ongoing clinical trials of immunotherapy combined with radiotherapy in SCLC
| Study ID | Phase | Patient, estimated | Estimated study completion date | Arms | Primary endpoint |
| TRT: thoracic radiotherapy; RT: radiation therapy; DLTs: dose limiting toxicities; AEs: adverse events. | |||||
| NCT03811002 | II/III | 506 | December 28, 2026 | Etoposide+Cisplatin/carboplatin+RT (LS-SCLC)±Atezolizumab | PFS, OS |
| NCT02934503 | II | 60 | October 2020 | Cisplatin/carboplatin+Etoposide+ Pembrolizumab±RT | Change in PD-L1 expression status |
| NCT02402920 | I | 80 | July 31, 2023 | Cisplatin/carboplatin+Etoposide+ Pembrolizumab+RT | AEs |
| NCT03540420 | II | 212 | December 2026 | Chemo-radiotherapy±Atezolizumab | 2-year survival |
| NCT03262454 | II | 35 | July 31, 2024 | Atezolizumab±RT | ORR |
| NCT03043599 | I/II | 21 | April 2022 | Ipilimumab+Nivolumab+TRT | Phase Ⅰ: Confirmation of recommended phase Ⅱ dose; |
| NCT03585998 | II | 51 | December 19, 2021 | Radiotherapy+Etoposide+Cisplatin+Durvalumab, followed by consolidationdurvalumab | PFS |
| NCT03923270 | NA | 54 | May 1, 2025 | TRT+Durvalumab±Tremelimumab/Olaparib | AE, PFS |
| NCT03509012 | I | 360 (Advanced solidtumors) | April 4, 2022 | Durvalumab+Cisplatin/carboplatin+Etoposide+RT | DLTs, AEs |