Daniela Martini1,2, Alice Rosi3, Michele Tassotti3, Monica Antonini4, Margherita Dall'Asta3,5, Letizia Bresciani1, Federica Fantuzzi4, Valentina Spigoni4, Raúl Domínguez-Perles6, Donato Angelino1,7, Cristian Ricci8, Soledad Del Pozo-Luengo9, Pedro Luis Tornel9, Francesca Scazzina3, Angel Gil-Izquierdo6, Alessandra Dei Cas4, Furio Brighenti3, Riccardo Bonadonna4, Daniele Del Rio10,11, Pedro Mena3. 1. Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, University Hospital Building 27, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy. 2. Department of Food, Environmental and Nutritional Sciences (DeFENS), Università degli Studi di Milano, 20122, Milan, Italy. 3. Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Food and Drugs, University of Parma, 43125, Parma, Italy. 4. Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, 43126, Parma, Italy. 5. Department of Animal Science, Food and Nutrition, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 29122, Piacenza, Italy. 6. Research Group on Quality, Safety and Bioactivity of Plant Foods, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, University Campus of Espinardo, Edif. 25, 30100, Murcia, Spain. 7. Faculty of Bioscience and Technology for Food, Agriculture and Environment, University of Teramo, 64100, Teramo, Italy. 8. Pediatric Epidemiology, Department of Pediatrics, Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany. 9. Clinical Analysis Service, University Hospital Virgen de la Arrixaca, 30120, El Palmar, Murcia, Spain. 10. Human Nutrition Unit, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Parma, University Hospital Building 27, Via Gramsci 14, 43126, Parma, Italy. daniele.delrio@unipr.it. 11. School of Advanced Studies on Food and Nutrition, University of Parma, 43121, Parma, Italy. daniele.delrio@unipr.it.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Coffee is an important source of bioactive compounds, including caffeine, trigonelline, and phenolic compounds. Several studies have highlighted the preventive effects of coffee consumption on major cardiometabolic (CM) diseases, but the impact of different coffee dosages on markers of CM risk in a real-life setting has not been fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of coffee and cocoa-based confectionery containing coffee consumption on several CM risk factors in healthy subjects. METHODS: In a three-arm, crossover, randomized trial, 21 volunteers were assigned to consume in a random order for 1 month: 1 cup of espresso coffee/day, 3 cups of espresso coffee/day, and 1 cup of espresso coffee plus 2 cocoa-based products containing coffee, twice per day. At the last day of each treatment, blood samples were collected and used for the analysis of inflammatory markers, trimethylamine N-oxide, nitric oxide, blood lipids, and markers of glucose/insulin metabolism. Moreover, anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were measured. Finally, food consumption during the interventions was monitored. RESULTS: After 1 month, energy intake did not change among treatments, while significant differences were observed in the intake of saturated fatty acids, sugars, and total carbohydrates. No significant effect on CM markers was observed following neither the consumption of different coffee dosages nor after cocoa-based products containing coffee. CONCLUSIONS: The daily consumption of common dosages of coffee and its substitution with cocoa-based products containing coffee showed no effect on CM risk factors in healthy subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03166540, May 21, 2017.
PURPOSE: Coffee is an important source of bioactive compounds, including caffeine, trigonelline, and phenolic compounds. Several studies have highlighted the preventive effects of coffee consumption on major cardiometabolic (CM) diseases, but the impact of different coffee dosages on markers of CM risk in a real-life setting has not been fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effect of coffee and cocoa-based confectionery containing coffee consumption on several CM risk factors in healthy subjects. METHODS: In a three-arm, crossover, randomized trial, 21 volunteers were assigned to consume in a random order for 1 month: 1 cup of espresso coffee/day, 3 cups of espresso coffee/day, and 1 cup of espresso coffee plus 2 cocoa-based products containing coffee, twice per day. At the last day of each treatment, blood samples were collected and used for the analysis of inflammatory markers, trimethylamine N-oxide, nitric oxide, blood lipids, and markers of glucose/insulin metabolism. Moreover, anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were measured. Finally, food consumption during the interventions was monitored. RESULTS: After 1 month, energy intake did not change among treatments, while significant differences were observed in the intake of saturated fatty acids, sugars, and total carbohydrates. No significant effect on CM markers was observed following neither the consumption of different coffee dosages nor after cocoa-based products containing coffee. CONCLUSIONS: The daily consumption of common dosages of coffee and its substitution with cocoa-based products containing coffee showed no effect on CM risk factors in healthy subjects. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: Registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03166540, May 21, 2017.
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