Zhenxi Song1, Liangyu Xu2, Jiang Wang3, Reza Rasti2, Ananth Sastry4, Jianwei D Li2, William Raynor4, Joseph A Izatt5, Cynthia A Toth5, Lejla Vajzovic4, Bin Deng3, Sina Farsiu6. 1. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. 2. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA. 3. School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China. 4. Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. 5. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. 6. Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA; Department of Ophthalmology, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina, USA. Electronic address: sina.farsiu@duke.edu.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Subretinal injections of therapeutics are commonly used to treat ocular diseases. Accurate dosing of therapeutics at target locations is crucial but difficult to achieve using subretinal injections due to leakage, and there is no method available to measure the volume of therapeutics successfully administered to the subretinal location during surgery. Here, we introduce the first automatic method for quantifying the volume of subretinal blebs, using porcine eyes injected with Ringer's lactate solution as samples. DESIGN: Ex vivo animal study. METHODS: Microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography was used to obtain 3D visualization of subretinal blebs in porcine eyes at Duke Eye Center. Two different injection phases were imaged and analyzed in 15 eyes (30 volumes), selected from a total of 37 eyes. The inclusion/exclusion criteria were set independently from the algorithm-development and testing team. A novel lightweight, deep learning-based algorithm was designed to segment subretinal bleb boundaries. A cross-validation method was used to avoid selection bias. An ensemble-classifier strategy was applied to generate final results for the test dataset. RESULTS: The algorithm performs notably better than 4 other state-of-the-art deep learning-based segmentation methods, achieving an F1 score of 93.86 ± 1.17% and 96.90 ± 0.59% on the independent test data for entry and full blebs, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed algorithm accurately segmented the volumetric boundaries of Ringer's lactate solution delivered into the subretinal space of porcine eyes with robust performance and real-time speed. This is the first step for future applications in computer-guided delivery of therapeutics into the subretinal space in human subjects.
PURPOSE: Subretinal injections of therapeutics are commonly used to treat ocular diseases. Accurate dosing of therapeutics at target locations is crucial but difficult to achieve using subretinal injections due to leakage, and there is no method available to measure the volume of therapeutics successfully administered to the subretinal location during surgery. Here, we introduce the first automatic method for quantifying the volume of subretinal blebs, using porcine eyes injected with Ringer's lactate solution as samples. DESIGN: Ex vivo animal study. METHODS: Microscope-integrated optical coherence tomography was used to obtain 3D visualization of subretinal blebs in porcine eyes at Duke Eye Center. Two different injection phases were imaged and analyzed in 15 eyes (30 volumes), selected from a total of 37 eyes. The inclusion/exclusion criteria were set independently from the algorithm-development and testing team. A novel lightweight, deep learning-based algorithm was designed to segment subretinal bleb boundaries. A cross-validation method was used to avoid selection bias. An ensemble-classifier strategy was applied to generate final results for the test dataset. RESULTS: The algorithm performs notably better than 4 other state-of-the-art deep learning-based segmentation methods, achieving an F1 score of 93.86 ± 1.17% and 96.90 ± 0.59% on the independent test data for entry and full blebs, respectively. CONCLUSION: The proposed algorithm accurately segmented the volumetric boundaries of Ringer's lactate solution delivered into the subretinal space of porcine eyes with robust performance and real-time speed. This is the first step for future applications in computer-guided delivery of therapeutics into the subretinal space in human subjects.
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