Dual-Modality Detection of Early-Stage Drug-Induced Acute Kidney Injury by an Activatable Probe.

Early detection of drug-induced acute kidney injury (AKI) is crucial for effective treatment and prevention of further injury. It remains challenging, however, because of the lack of activatable indicators with multimodality imaging capability that could increase the accuracy of diagnosis by mutual verification. Herein, we report an activatable probe, FDOCl-22, that enabled dual-modality detection of the early-stage drug-induced AKI. FDOCl-22 was completely soluble in water and highly sensitive to hypochlorous acid (HOCl). Dramatic increases of both near-infrared (NIR) emission and absorption were observed after reaction with HOCl. A correlation between HOCl concentration and drug-induced AKI was established using FDOCl-22 as a tool. As a consequence, the HOCl-activated probe was able to detect the early-stage drug-induced AKI by dual-modality imaging, irrespective of the drug stimulation time or dosage, by combining NIR fluorescence and photoacoustic imaging.