Hexing Wang1, Dongjian Yang1, Hongji Fang1, Minghui Han1, Chuanxi Tang2, Jingui Wu2, Yue Chen3, Qingwu Jiang4. 1. Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. 2. Changning District Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Changning District, Shanghai 200051, China. 3. School of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario K1G 5Z3, Canada. Electronic address: Yue.Chen@uottawa.ca. 4. Key Laboratory of Public Health Safety of Ministry of Education/School of Public Health, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China. Electronic address: jiangqw@fudan.edu.cn.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested an extensive exposure to neonicotinoids in human, but the information on predictors, sources, and health risk remains limited in children. OBJECTIVE: To explore the predictors, sources, and health risk for exposure of Chinese school children to neonicotinoids by biomonitoring method. METHODS: In 2019, 309 school children aged 7-11 years were selected from a dynamic cohort of children established in Shanghai, East China. Eight neonicotinoids and four metabolites were determined in first morning urine. After detailed information on demographic and socioeconomic indices, intake of drinking water, food consumption, and anthropometric measurements was collected, the predictors and sources of exposure to neonicotinoids were explored by binary and ordinal logistic regression models. Health risk was assessed by the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) based on estimated daily exposure dose. RESULTS: Six neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, and dinotefuran) and three metabolites (N-desmethyl-thiamethoxam, N-desmethyl-clothianidin, and N-desmethyl-acetamiprid) were detected in 81.3% of urine samples. Children in nuclear family or girls had a higher detection frequency of thiamethoxam. N-desmethyl-acetamiprid was more likely to be detected in children who were older, physically active, or obese. Parents' occupation was heterogeneously associated with the detection of thiamethoxam and clothianidin. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin were more likely to be detected in children consuming more fresh vegetables in all or its specific items of cabbage, nori, and kelp. N-desmethyl-acetamiprid was more likely to be detected in children who drank more tap water. The maximum HQ and HI were 0.3522 and 0.5187, respectively, and 2.8% of children had a HI between 0.1 and 1. CONCLUSION: Predictors for the exposure of children to neonicotinoids included demographic and socioeconomic factors, physical exercise, and relative body weight. Tap water and fresh vegetables were potential sources. A low risk was posed on children's health by the neonicotinoids.
BACKGROUND: Recent studies have suggested an extensive exposure to neonicotinoids in human, but the information on predictors, sources, and health risk remains limited in children. OBJECTIVE: To explore the predictors, sources, and health risk for exposure of Chinese school children to neonicotinoids by biomonitoring method. METHODS: In 2019, 309 school children aged 7-11 years were selected from a dynamic cohort of children established in Shanghai, East China. Eight neonicotinoids and four metabolites were determined in first morning urine. After detailed information on demographic and socioeconomic indices, intake of drinking water, food consumption, and anthropometric measurements was collected, the predictors and sources of exposure to neonicotinoids were explored by binary and ordinal logistic regression models. Health risk was assessed by the hazard quotient (HQ) and hazard index (HI) based on estimated daily exposure dose. RESULTS: Six neonicotinoids (thiamethoxam, clothianidin, imidacloprid, acetamiprid, nitenpyram, and dinotefuran) and three metabolites (N-desmethyl-thiamethoxam, N-desmethyl-clothianidin, and N-desmethyl-acetamiprid) were detected in 81.3% of urine samples. Children in nuclear family or girls had a higher detection frequency of thiamethoxam. N-desmethyl-acetamiprid was more likely to be detected in children who were older, physically active, or obese. Parents' occupation was heterogeneously associated with the detection of thiamethoxam and clothianidin. Thiamethoxam and clothianidin were more likely to be detected in children consuming more fresh vegetables in all or its specific items of cabbage, nori, and kelp. N-desmethyl-acetamiprid was more likely to be detected in children who drank more tapwater. The maximum HQ and HI were 0.3522 and 0.5187, respectively, and 2.8% of children had a HI between 0.1 and 1. CONCLUSION: Predictors for the exposure of children to neonicotinoids included demographic and socioeconomic factors, physical exercise, and relative body weight. Tapwater and fresh vegetables were potential sources. A low risk was posed on children's health by the neonicotinoids.
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