| Literature DB >> 32667418 |
Jane Oba1, Werther Brunow de Carvalho2, Clovis Artur Silva2, Artur Figueiredo Delgado2.
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a disease caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), which has spread globally in pandemic proportions. Accumulative evidence suggests SARS-CoV-2 can be transmitted through the digestive system, the so-called fecal-oral route of transmission, and may induce several gastrointestinal manifestations. MEDLINE® and Embase databases were extensively searched for major clinical manifestations of gastrointestinal involvement in children and adolescents with COVID-19 reported in medical literature, and for nutritional therapy-related data. Findings and recommendations were pragmatically described to facilitate overall pediatric approach. A total of 196 studies addressing gastrointestinal or nutritional aspects associated with the global COVID-19 pandemic were found. Of these, only 17 focused specifically on pediatric patients with regard to aforementioned gastrointestinal or nutritional aspects. Most articles were descriptive and six addressed guidelines, established protocols, or expert opinions. Children and adolescents with gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting and diarrhea, should be seriously suspected of COVID-19. Gastrointestinal signs and symptoms may occur in 3% to 79% of children, adolescents and adults with COVID-19, and are more common in severe cases. These include diarrhea (2% to 50%), anorexia (40% to 50%), vomiting (4% to 67%), nausea (1% to 30%), abdominal pain (2% to 6%) and gastrointestinal bleeding (4% to 14%). Patients with inflammatory bowel disease or chronic liver disease are not at greater risk of infection by SARS-CoV-2 relative to the general population. Nutritional support plays an important role in treatment of pediatric patients, particularly those with severe or critical forms of the disease. The digestive system may be a potential route of COVID-19 transmission. Further research is needed to determine whether the fecal-oral route may be involved in viral spread. Nutritional therapy is vital to prevent malnutrition and sarcopenia in severe cases.Entities:
Mesh:
Year: 2020 PMID: 32667418 PMCID: PMC7346091 DOI: 10.31744/einstein_journal/2020rw5774
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Einstein (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 1679-4508
Recommendations for children and adolescents with inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 pandemic
|
|
| Wash hands frequently |
| Maintain social distancing (minimum distance of 1m) |
| Cover mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing |
| Wear face masks |
| If you have fever, cough or difficulty breathing, seek medical care as soon as possible |
| Face-to-face visits should be replaced with telemedicine whenever possible |
| Medical staff should monitor patients with active disease or flare via telephone calls |
| Physical exercise is essential and may be practiced at home via the internet |
| Psychological/ psychiatric support may be required |
|
|
|
|
| At this stage, IBD does not seem to be a risk factor for SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents |
| Adherence to drug therapy should be reinforced |
| Vaccination should be updated, particularly annual influenza vaccination |
| Active IBD disease should be treated according to standard IBD care, since risks outweigh the risk of COVID-19-related complications |
|
|
|
|
| In stable children, switching from infliximab to adalimumab should be discouraged unless intravenous infusions cannot be provided |
| Combination biologic/immunomodulatory therapy may carry a higher risk compared to monotherapy |
| Elective endoscopic examinations and surgical procedures should be postponed during the epidemic |
| Colonoscopy should be replaced with fecal calprotectin test. |
Source: adapted from Turner D, Huang Y, Martín-de-Carpi J, Aloi M, Focht G, Kang B, Zhou Y, Sanchez C, Kappelman MD, Uhlig HH, Pujol-Muncunill G, Ledder O, Lionetti P, Dias JA, Ruemmele FM, Russell RK; Paediatric IBD Porto group of ESPGHAN. Corona Virus Disease 2019 and Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Global Experience and Provisional Guidance (March 2020) from the Paediatric IBD Porto Group of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(6):727-33;(27) Queiroz NS, Barros LL, Azevedo MF, Oba J, Sobrado CW, Carlos AS, et al. Management of inflammatory bowel disease patients in the COVID-19 pandemic era: a Brazilian tertiary referral center guidance. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020;75:e1909.(
IBD: inflammatory bowel disease; SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
Therapy-specific considerations for pediatric inflammatory bowel disease patients during the COVID-19 pandemic
|
|
| No evidence of increased risk of COVID-19 infection |
| Should never be discontinued |
|
|
|
|
| Safety during COVID-19 infection is unclear |
| Systemic corticosteroids are not thought to provide clinical benefits |
| Corticosteroids may be used to treat relapse episodes in low doses and for short periods of time. Taper as soon as possible |
|
|
|
|
| No evidence of increased risk of COVID-19 infection |
| Immunomodulators have been prescribed in standard doses or intervals to almost all children |
| SARS-CoV-2 Positive and Negative (symptomatic): discontinuation of immunosuppressive therapy is recommended during acute febrile illness and should only be reintroduced when fever subsides, and the child regains normal health( |
| Resume treatment two weeks after sign and symptom resolution |
| SARS-CoV-2 Positive (asymptomatic): Therapeutic decisions should be made on an individual basis( |
|
|
|
|
| Only Infliximab and Adalimumab have been approved |
| No evidence of increased risk of COVID-19 infection |
| Maintain dose and infusion intervals |
| SARS-CoV-2 positive and asymptomatic: Biological therapies should be delayed for 2 weeks to monitor for COVID-19 symptoms and resumed after signs and symptoms have subsided( |
| Switching from infliximab to adalimumab should be discouraged in stable patients |
Source: adapted from Rubin DT, Feuerstein JD, Wang AY, Cohen RD. AGA clinical practice update on management of inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic: expert commentary. Gastroenterology. 2020 Apr 10:S0016-5085(20)30482-0. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.012. [Epub ahead of print];( Turner D, Huang Y, Martín-de-Carpi J, Aloi M, Focht G, Kang B, Zhou Y, Sanchez C, Kappelman MD, Uhlig HH, Pujol-Muncunill G, Ledder O, Lionetti P, Dias JA, Ruemmele FM, Russell RK; Paediatric IBD Porto group of ESPGHAN. Corona Virus Disease 2019 and Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Global Experience and Provisional Guidance (March 2020) from the Paediatric IBD Porto Group of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(6):727-33;( Queiroz NS, Barros LL, Azevedo MF, Oba J, Sobrado CW, Carlos AS, et al. Management of inflammatory bowel disease patients in the COVID-19 pandemic era: a Brazilian tertiary referral center guidance. Clinics (São Paulo). 2020;75:e1909.(
SARS-CoV-2: severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; TNF: tumor necrosis factor.
Recomendações para crianças e adolescentes com doença inflamatória intestinal durante a pandemia de COVID-19
|
|
| Lave as mãos com frequência |
| Mantenha o distanciamento social (distância mínima de 1m) |
| Cubra a boca e o nariz ao tossir ou espirrar |
| Use máscara |
| Se tiver febre, tosse ou dificuldade de respirar, busque atenção médica rapidamente |
| Consultas presenciais devem ser substituídas por telemedicina sempre que possível |
| As equipes médicas devem monitorar os pacientes com doença ativa ou episódios de reagudização por telefone |
| O exercício físico é essencial e pode ser acessado em casa, pela internet |
| O apoio psicológico/psiquiátrico pode ser necessário |
|
|
|
|
| Até o momento, a DII não parece ser um fator de risco para infecção por SARS-CoV-2 em crianças e adolescentes |
| A adesão à terapia medicamentosa deve ser reforçada |
| As vacinações devem estar em dia, principalmente a anual contra influenza |
| A doença ativa deve ser tratada de acordo com as diretrizes padrão de cuidado da DII, uma vez que os riscos se sobrepõem ao risco de complicações relacionadas à COVID-19 |
|
|
|
|
| Em crianças estáveis, a substituição do infliximabe pelo adalimumabe só deve ser realizada se a infusão intravenosa não for possível |
| A terapia combinada com agentes biológicos e imunomoduladores pode ser mais arriscada do que a monoterapia |
| Endoscopias e procedimentos cirúrgicos eletivos devem ser adiados durante a epidemia |
| A colonoscopia deve ser substituída pela dosagem de calprotectina fecal |
Fonte: adaptado de Turner D, Huang Y, Martín-de-Carpi J, Aloi M, Focht G, Kang B, Zhou Y, Sanchez C, Kappelman MD, Uhlig HH, Pujol-Muncunill G, Ledder O, Lionetti P, Dias JA, Ruemmele FM, Russell RK; Paediatric IBD Porto group of ESPGHAN. Corona Virus Disease 2019 and Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Global Experience and Provisional Guidance (March 2020) from the Paediatric IBD Porto Group of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(6):727-33;( Queiroz NS, Barros LL, Azevedo MF, Oba J, Sobrado CW, Carlos AS, et al. Management of inflammatory bowel disease patients in the COVID-19 pandemic era: a Brazilian tertiary referral center guidance. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2020;75:e1909.(
DII: doença inflamatória intestinal; SARS-CoV-2: coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2.
Considerações específicas relativas ao tratamento da doença inflamatória intestinal em pacientes pediátricos durante a pandemia de COVID-19
|
|
| Não há evidência de risco aumentado de infecção por COVID-19 |
| Não devem ser suspensos |
|
|
|
|
| A segurança na vigência de infecção por COVID-19 não está clara |
| Acredita-se que os corticosteróides sistêmicos não tragam benefícios clínicos |
| Os corticosteróides podem ser usados em baixa doses e por períodos curtos de tempo, para tratamento de episódios de recorrência. A dose deve ser reduzida gradualmente, assim que possível |
|
|
|
|
| Não há evidência de risco aumentado de infecção por COVID-19 |
| Os imunomoduladores foram prescritos nas doses e intervalos padrão para quase todas as crianças |
| SARS-CoV-2 positivos e negativos (sintomáticos): a interrupção da terapia imunossupressora é recomendada durante a doença febril aguda, devendo ser reintroduzida após a resolução da febre e restabelecimento da condição de saúde da criança( |
| Reiniciar o tratamento 2 semanas após a remissão dos sinais e sintomas |
| SARS-CoV-2 positivo (assintomáticos): as decisões terapêuticas devem ser individualizadas( |
|
|
|
|
| Somente infliximabe e adalimumabe foram aprovados |
| Não há evidência de risco aumentado de infecção por COVID-19 |
| A dose e os intervalos de infusão devem ser mantidos |
| SARS-CoV-2 positivo e assintomático: as terapias biológicas devem ser postergadas por 2 semanas para monitoramento dos sintomas de COVID-19 e reiniciadas após a remissão dos sinais e sintomas( |
| A substituição do infliximabe pelo adalimumabe deve ser desencorajada em pacientes estáveis |
Fonte: adaptado de Rubin DT, Feuerstein JD, Wang AY, Cohen RD. AGA clinical practice update on management of inflammatory bowel disease during the COVID-19 Pandemic: expert commentary. Gastroenterology. 2020 Apr 10:S0016-5085(20)30482-0. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2020.04.012. [Epub ahead of print];( Turner D, Huang Y, Martín-de-Carpi J, Aloi M, Focht G, Kang B, Zhou Y, Sanchez C, Kappelman MD, Uhlig HH, Pujol-Muncunill G, Ledder O, Lionetti P, Dias JA, Ruemmele FM, Russell RK; Paediatric IBD Porto group of ESPGHAN. Corona Virus Disease 2019 and Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Diseases: Global Experience and Provisional Guidance (March 2020) from the Paediatric IBD Porto Group of European Society of Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2020;70(6):727-33;( Queiroz NS, Barros LL, Azevedo MF, Oba J, Sobrado CW, Carlos AS, et al. Management of inflammatory bowel disease patients in the COVID-19 pandemic era: a Brazilian tertiary referral center guidance. Clinics (São Paulo). 2020;75:e1909.(
SARS-CoV-2: coronavírus da síndrome respiratória aguda grave 2; TNF: fator de necrose tumoral.