Dilip V Jeste1,2,3, Sarah A Graham1,2, Ellen E Lee1,2,4, Ho-Cheol Kim5, Tanya T Nguyen1,2, Colin A Depp1,2,4. 1. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. 2. Sam and Rose Stein Institute for Research on Aging, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. 3. Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA. 4. VA San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA. 5. AI and Cognitive Software, IBM Research-Almaden, San Jose, CA, USA.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The ultimate goal of artificial intelligence (AI) is to develop technologies that are best able to serve humanity. This will require advancements that go beyond the basic components of general intelligence. The term "intelligence" does not best represent the technological needs of advancing society, because it is "wisdom", rather than intelligence, that is associated with greater well-being, happiness, health, and perhaps even longevity of the individual and the society. Thus, the future need in technology is for artificial wisdom (AW). METHODS: We examine the constructs of human intelligence and human wisdom in terms of their basic components, neurobiology, and relationship to aging, based on published empirical literature. We review the development of AI as inspired and driven by the model of human intelligence, and consider possible governing principles for AW that would enable humans to develop computers which can operationally utilize wise principles and result in wise acts. We review relevant examples of current efforts to develop such wise technologies. RESULTS: AW systems will be based on developmental models of the neurobiology of human wisdom. These AW systems need to be able to a) learn from experience and self-correct; b) exhibit compassionate, unbiased, and ethical behaviors; and c) discern human emotions and help the human users to regulate their emotions and make wise decisions. CONCLUSIONS: A close collaboration among computer scientists, neuroscientists, mental health experts, and ethicists is necessary for developing AW technologies, which will emulate the qualities of wise humans and thus serve the greatest benefit to humanity. Just as human intelligence and AI have helped further the understanding and usefulness of each other, human wisdom and AW can aid in promoting each other's growth.
BACKGROUND: The ultimate goal of artificial intelligence (AI) is to develop technologies that are best able to serve humanity. This will require advancements that go beyond the basic components of general intelligence. The term "intelligence" does not best represent the technological needs of advancing society, because it is "wisdom", rather than intelligence, that is associated with greater well-being, happiness, health, and perhaps even longevity of the individual and the society. Thus, the future need in technology is for artificial wisdom (AW). METHODS: We examine the constructs of human intelligence and human wisdom in terms of their basic components, neurobiology, and relationship to aging, based on published empirical literature. We review the development of AI as inspired and driven by the model of human intelligence, and consider possible governing principles for AW that would enable humans to develop computers which can operationally utilize wise principles and result in wise acts. We review relevant examples of current efforts to develop such wise technologies. RESULTS: AW systems will be based on developmental models of the neurobiology of human wisdom. These AW systems need to be able to a) learn from experience and self-correct; b) exhibit compassionate, unbiased, and ethical behaviors; and c) discern human emotions and help the human users to regulate their emotions and make wise decisions. CONCLUSIONS: A close collaboration among computer scientists, neuroscientists, mental health experts, and ethicists is necessary for developing AW technologies, which will emulate the qualities of wise humans and thus serve the greatest benefit to humanity. Just as human intelligence and AI have helped further the understanding and usefulness of each other, human wisdom and AW can aid in promoting each other's growth.
Authors: Ellen E Lee; Colin Depp; Barton W Palmer; Danielle Glorioso; Rebecca Daly; Jinyuan Liu; Xin M Tu; Ho-Cheol Kim; Peri Tarr; Yasunori Yamada; Dilip V Jeste Journal: Int Psychogeriatr Date: 2019-10 Impact factor: 3.878
Authors: Emily B H Treichler; Danielle Glorioso; Ellen E Lee; Tsung-Chin Wu; Xin M Tu; Rebecca Daly; Catherine O'Brien; Jennifer L Smith; Dilip V Jeste Journal: Int Psychogeriatr Date: 2020-02-05 Impact factor: 3.878
Authors: Mary Butler; Ellen McCreedy; Victoria A Nelson; Priyanka Desai; Edward Ratner; Howard A Fink; Laura S Hemmy; J Riley McCarten; Terry R Barclay; Michelle Brasure; Heather Davila; Robert L Kane Journal: Ann Intern Med Date: 2017-12-19 Impact factor: 25.391
Authors: Ellen E Lee; John Torous; Munmun De Choudhury; Colin A Depp; Sarah A Graham; Ho-Cheol Kim; Martin P Paulus; John H Krystal; Dilip V Jeste Journal: Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging Date: 2021-02-08