Circular economy in olive oil production - Olive mill solid waste to ethanol and heavy metal sorbent using microwave pretreatment.

Olive mill solid waste (OMSW) is an abundant agricultural waste without viable solution. The effects of OMSW different pretreatments (microwave or autoclave), different additives (water, formic, or sulfuric acid), and utilization of different saccharification enzymes (Cellic® CTec2 or Accellerase® 1500) were tested on saccharification process and sugar release, and on fermentation inhibitors formation and ethanol production. Microwave treatment with formic acid resulted in highest saccharification rates (90% of cellulose fraction) and fermentation yields (15.9 g/L ethanol), although loss of sugars and fermentation inhibitors production was notable. Microwave with water treatment resulted in less saccharification and ethanol (9.6 g/L). To facilitate economical process and to extract maximum value, solid remnants after saccharification were tested as heavy metal sorbent. Microwave with water resulted in the best sorbent, followed by microwave with formic acid. Addition of sulfuric acid, to either microwave or autoclave, resulted in very poor saccharification and absorbance capacity. Therefore, combination of ethanol and sorbent production from OMSW are suggested.