The evolution of TIF: transoral incisionless fundoplication.

Transoral incisionless fundoplication (TIF) was introduced in 2006 as a concerted effort to produce a natural orifice procedure for reflux. Since that time, the device, as well as the procedure technique, has evolved. Significant research has been published during each stage of the evolution, and this has led to considerable confusion and a co-mingling of outcomes, which obscures the results of the current device and procedure. This report is intended to review the identified stages and literature associated with each stage to date and to review the current state of treatment outcomes.

Introduction

Reflux began as a surgical disease. The work of Allison and Barrett recognized the anatomic defects that lead to gastroesophageal reflux. They correlated this reflux with damage that occurred to the esophageal mucosa. They then surmised that this damage could lead to a full spectrum of complications to include stricture, contracture and foreshortening, and metaplasia progressing to carcinoma.[1-4] Further work by Nissen, Belsey, Hill, Toupet and many others identified two defects to repair: approximation of the dilated hiatus to the esophagus, and restoration of the angle of HIS through invagination of the gastroesophageal junction into the gastric cardia.[5-12]

In the 1980s, a paradigm shift began to occur in the treatment of reflux disease. With the introduction of H2 antagonists, symptoms were partially controlled, but it took the introduction of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) in 1988 to begin the swing from surgical therapy to medical therapy as the mainstay of reflux care. Even as open surgical procedures became less invasive, less morbid, and significantly easier to recover from, the era of surgery as a common therapy closed by 1998.[13]

In the next 20 years, two forces have begun to swing the pendulum back towards surgical therapy. It was always understood that medical therapy only treated the symptoms of reflux disease by significantly altering gastric physiology, and, subsequently, small and large bowel physiology by creating a non-acid gastric fluid. Eventually, the consequences of changing this physiology were understood as physicians began to recognize complications associated with prolonged acid suppression.[14-27] At the same time, surgical innovators began to push the envelope from minimal incision surgery to no incision surgery through what has become known as natural orifice surgery.[28]

An obvious target of natural orifice surgery would be the gastroesophageal junction and its repair, thus treating reflux disease surgically again. Two routes of repair were pursued: gastroesophageal invagination through endoscopic tissue manipulation and suturing, and bulking of the gastroesophageal junction. Also, a new laparoscopic approach was developed to increase distal esophageal closing pressure, now called lower esophageal sphincter augmentation.[28]

Out of the tissue manipulation and suturing devices, only the EsophyX® device has gained acceptance in general practice.[29] Tissue bulking has remained in use within concentrated circles. The initial devices for esophageal sphincter augmentation were, for the most part, removed due to complications of dysphagia, erosion, and migration, although a newer technique with a new device has gained some traction.[30-42]

The purpose of this report is to review how the EsophyX® device (EndoGastric Solutions, Inc. Redmond, WA) evolved. There are two evolutions that can be described. The beginning starts from the concept of an endoluminal device to manipulate and suture tissue. Then, initial Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance, and then additional major advancements to the device design occurred. In parallel, clinicians were developing the procedures we now use to control reflux disease. Like the evolution of many new ideas, several iterations of the device and the procedure have bred confusion in the broader medical community about which device and which procedure is now being used. Study results from one procedure are reported along with outcomes from other procedures, confusing patients, physicians, and reimbursement payers alike.[43]

Currently, there are three developmental steps to the device; the original EsophyX® device, EsophyX2®, EsophyX Z®. The improvements in design have created an easier to use, more automated device to ensure uniform, consistent, and reproducible fundoplication by each user.

Also, four procedures have been born out of the clinical application of the EsophyX® devices: Endoluminal fundoplication (ELF), transoral incisionless fundoplication 1.0 (TIF 1.0), transoral incisionless fundoplication 2.0 (TIF 2.0) and the combined laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair with transoral incisionless fundoplication 2.0 (HH-TIF). Each of these procedures are distinctly different and have markedly different clinical outcomes. However, again, confusion as to the differences have caused many authors to combine data sets in their analysis, leading to incorrect conclusions as to the effectiveness of the device in treating reflux disease.

The EsophyX® device

Although seemingly obvious, it is important to point out that the device is not the procedure. However, authors have compared different procedures performed by different iterations of the device to each other. Just as you would not compare suturing the colon to suturing the esophagus, despite using the same needle driver and suture, these outcomes cloud the value of the device and the procedure that is being performed.

The EsophyX® device was invented by Stephan Kramer while working with a group focused on achieving a natural orifice technique for reflux. He obtained a patent for the ideas behind the device in September 2004, and for the fasteners in December 2009. Initial functional testing, feasibility, efficacy, and safety studies were performed in Europe. The original device included an over-tube body that an endoscope would fit through, to be used for visualization of the device function. A cable with a helical screw was used to engage and hold one of the tissue planes while the end of the device folded upon itself to provide approximation and compression of the second tissue plane to the first just prior to suturing. The suturing function uses stylets on wires. An “H”-shaped suture material is snapped onto the wire. When ready to be delivered at various desired anatomical locations, the stylet is advanced through the tissue planes. The suture is then pushed out onto the stylet. The sutures are made of a polypropylene that closely approximates a prolene suture material, and is pre-formed into an “H” shape. One leg of the “H” has a groove that snaps onto the wire and then the rest of the “H” was folded down along the wire through the delivery channel. A pusher cable delivered the polypropylene “H” – now called a SerosaFuse® “fastener” – to the stylet, which provided full thickness penetration of the tissue and a passageway for the leading leg through the tissue. The trailing leg caught the innermost tissue plane and unfolded from the channel. In this way, the two planes of tissue were compressed together between the legs of the “H”. The initial web between the two legs had a length of 6.5 mm and were equivalent in strength to a 3-0 prolene suture.

These main components and their functionality are core to each of the devices further developed. In the initial EsophyX® device, the fasteners were loaded manually onto the stylets. Then, a separate pusher would advance each of the fasteners to deploy them individually. With EsophyX2®, a cartridge design was created to allow the fasteners to be snapped onto the stylet, although each fastener still had to be loaded on the stylet individually and then advanced manually – referred to as “musket loading”. At the end of the channel, the stylet was advanced. At the handle, the operator would use a pusher control to move the leading end of the fastener through the esophageal tissue and then the gastric tissue. This allowed the leading leg of the “H” to disengage from the stylet adjacent to the gastric tissue plane. The trailing leg was then released within the esophageal lumen. The “H” shape thereby approximates the two tissue planes until they develop serosal fusion. The initial “H” fastener was 6.5 mm wide. Clinicians using the device felt that there was too much compression on the tissue, leading to fastener pull-through, and the “H” fastener was widened to 7.5 mm, which remains the standard fastener today. With tension, the fastener web can elongate to 9 mm. Widening the fastener also had the effect of reducing the force necessary for deployment, improving the overall delivery of the fastener by avoiding intramural deployments. Other changes to the device were for differing endoscope sizes and a clear plastic visualization window to identify accurate loading of the fasteners onto the delivery stylet. These modifications improved use and functionality but did not change the application of the device. There were two important observations of the device. First, it took about 26 steps to complete a fastener cycle, so learning the procedure was a committed process. Second, the fundoplication formed by the device was significantly variable, so outcome varied depending on experience. The more you used the device, the more “tricks of the trade” you developed to get the fundoplication to look like and function like a fundoplication. The next development in the EsophyX2® device was a size adaptation to standard high-definition endoscopes. Also, the clamping pressure of the tissue mold to the chassis was increased to further secure tissue before suturing, increasing the accuracy of suture placement. Although changing to a high-definition endoscope may seem minor, the entire device had to be re-engineered due to limitations on the size of the device. The esophagus will accept only a certain diameter, and this change increased the overall device size from 58 to 60 on the French catheter scale.

The next significant upgrade to the device incorporated a change to the folding end. Previously, the distal end was secured to the endoscope with a silicone retaining cord. A molded plastic tongue projected to one side of the endoscope and is referred to as the “tissue mold”. To use the device, you backed the endoscope out of the retaining cord into the body of the device “chassis,” and actuated the folding mechanism. This folded the tissue mold to the chassis. Then, the endoscope was advanced behind the tissue mold into the gastric lumen and retroflexed to allow visualization. This configuration changed with the EsophyX Z® device, which tubularized the tissue mold. This would allow the endoscope to go through the tissue mold, streamlining the end of the device with the endoscope. This was felt to be a major safety feature in avoiding injury to the esophagus. Also, shields were added to protect surrounding tissue from the advancing stylet, which then allowed users to create a more fully rotated wrap. To further augment the device, a separate channel for the trailing leg of the fastener was created. This reduced the number of fasteners that would either not fully deploy or were be pushed fully through the tissue. This design change allowed the fastener deployment process to be mechanized. Now, two fasteners could be advanced simultaneously with the depression of a handle. An automated delivery further standardized the formation of the fundoplication. With this design, users were able to create a fundoplication that is reproducible in every patient (Figure 1).

Figure 1.

EsophyX Device Iterations (EsophyX / EsophyX2 / EsophyX Z).

The procedures

Over the same timeline, four different procedures emerged. The initial device was used to perform the endoluminal gastro–gastric fundoplication, called “ELF”. This demonstrated the ability of the device to safely manipulate and suture gastric to gastric tissue but did not develop a significant clinical application. The second procedure was called TIF 1.0, and was a longitudinally oriented plication of gastric cardia onto the distal esophagus just proximal to the gastroesophageal junction. The third procedure was named TIF 2.0, and incorporated a rotational wrap of the cardia and fundus around the circumference of the distal esophagus in addition to providing a 2–4 cm length of the wrap over the intra-abdominal distal esophagus. It was this procedure that was identified as morphologically and physiologically most similar to the gold standard Nissen fundoplication. It was in this time period that expanded use of the device brought the treatment of reflux disease into the realm of possibility. Like the research performed by Belsey to identify the five tenants of reflux surgery,[44] the TIF procedure developed with time to address each of these requirements.

The fundoplication must bring fundus over the esophagus and secure to the esophagus.

The fundoplication must be constructed without stricture.

The fundoplication is most effective when constructed 2–4 cm in length.

The fundoplication must remain below the diaphragm.

The diaphragmatic crura must be approximated to the esophagus.

The device improvements and transition from ELF to TIF 1.0 to TIF 2.0 allowed the creation of a standardized esophago-gastric fundoplication that conformed to the first four requirements. It was the addition of the laparoscopic hiatal repair just prior to the endoscopic fundoplication that identifies the fourth procedure in the developmental history of TIF 2.0. Combining laparoscopic hiatal hernia repair with TIF 2.0 allowed clinicians to fulfill all the criteria established by the 1990s for adequate control of reflux disease. The laparoscopic HH-TIF procedure, also called the “hybrid” procedure, was suggested at a user meeting in December of 2009 with the first publication of safety and efficacy being published in 2011.[45] A review of the outcomes data will show that there is a gradual but definitive improvement of the control of reflux symptoms, esophagitis, and eventually distal esophageal acid exposure, as these devices and procedures developed.

Evolution of the procedures

Initial human trials began in Europe. In the hands of a few users, significant experience was obtained in how to engage and stabilize tissue, and then how to fold tissue upon itself and fix it to create a gastro–gastric plication below the Z-line. Additionally, the handloading of fasteners and the manual delivery technique had to be developed and standardized for the best delivery of fasteners. There was considerable concern over the seriousness of an esophageal injury. Although a gastric leak is a serious event, the gastric wall is three layers, much thicker and less prone to injury. A gastric leak is also more manageable with conservative therapy and fairly easy to address laparoscopically with suture repair. In contrast, an esophageal leak is a rapidly evolving event that is considerably more difficult to treat. In addition to mediastinitis, patients quickly develop a pleural effusion that will then loculate and create empyema. Treatment of this complication then requires a transthoracic approach. Patients with an esophageal leak become far more ill and require more extensive resources to treat if the leak is not repaired within the first 24 h. For these reasons, the initial device was developed around the idea of a gastro–gastric plication. The goal was to create a flap 6 cm below the z-line to form a bulk that would prevent the gastroesophageal junction from herniating through the hiatus, and to create an anti-reflux barrier by accentuating the angle of HIS. The initial procedures were studied to identify the safety of the device itself and the technique of endoluminal suturing. The first studies refer to the technique as ELF (endo-luminal fundoplication).

ELF

Studies of ELF were initiated with Guy Cadiere. His feasibility study was published in 2006 and laid the groundwork for using the device, initially in the canine model and then into human trials.[46] This work allowed for introduction into the United States with FDA 510(k) clearance obtained in 2007. A total of 15 studies using the ELF technique alone have been published, documenting safety and efficacy in 181 patients with 7 (3.8%) serious adverse events (SAEs) identified.[47-60] An additional five patients have been published in papers with mixed techniques; however, the ELF technique was otherwise abandoned once the safety of the esophageal fastener placement was shown. The ELF technique is only a gastro–gastric plication. Suturing is limited to a 3–5 cm gastrogastric fold. It did reduce the gastroesophageal junction below the diaphragm while providing a 200° to 310° wrap to recreate the angle of HIS. An average of 10 fasteners was used to create the wrap. These studies demonstrated an improvement in reflux symptoms and a reduction in PPI use despite not being a traditional fundoplication. 80% of patients were able to remain off PPIs at 6 months. Even more significant, and what eventually argues for the replacement of traditional fundoplication procedures, was the finding of less dysphagia, gas bloat, and flatulence. These are the primary issues that lead to traditional anti-reflux surgery being largely abandoned in the late 1990s and early 2000s.[61]

TIF 1.0

Introduction of the EsophyX device and ELF into the US was undertaken by Blair Jobe, Stephan Kraemer, and their teams. Two features distinguish the TIF 1.0 procedure. It was a marginally true esophagogastric fundoplication. It did not create the typical full invagination of the distal esophagus. Rather, it created a flap that was mainly gastrogastric, with the proximal fold sutured to the gastroesophageal junction. Their initial paper demonstrated the TIF 1.0 technique in the canine model, but also introduced the TIF 2.0 technique.[62] This technique brought gastric fundus 2–4 cm over the distal esophagus, with fasteners well above the gastroesophageal junction. Comparisons performed in that study showed the superiority of the TIF 2.0 procedure in pH normalization and increased lower esophageal sphincter pressures. Vector volume analysis of the TIF 2.0 procedure showed that the pressure morphology was similar to a Nissen fundoplication, demonstrating a mechanism of action similar to the traditional fundoplication (Figure 2).

Figure 2.

Transoral incisionless fundoplication.

A number of centers began to use the TIF 1.0 and TIF 2.0 techniques and publications began to appear in 2010. After Jobe’s initial paper, an additional 21 publications evaluated outcomes between TIF 1.0 and TIF 2.0. A total of 673 unique patients have been recorded as undergoing the TIF 1.0 technique; however, the demonstrated superiority of TIF 2.0 lead to the discontinuation of the 1.0 procedure in favor of the 270° to 300° gastroesophageal fundoplication achieved with TIF 2.0.[63-84]

TIF 2.0

A report by Bell and Cadiere in 2011 is generally considered the start of the TIF 2.0 era.[84] It marked the beginning of the adoption of TIF 2.0. Overall, the transition from TIF 1.0 to TIF 2.0 was fairly rapid, with two other reports published in 2010,[85,86] and four additional reports published in 2011.[45,87-89] The TIF 2.0 procedure fulfilled four of the five criteria for adequate anti-reflux surgery originally established with open, then laparoscopic, fundoplication. It was at this same time that the EsophyX2® device began to be used. There are three major studies that should be used to validate the use of TIF 2.0.

A multicenter registry of 100 patients published in 2012 demonstrated 80% off PPI therapy at 6 months, with normalization of quality-of-life scores in 73% of patients.[90] A follow-up study at 24 months[91] showed 66% of patients continued to have quality-of-life scores at least 50% improved from preoperative scores, and reflux symptom index scores were normalized in 65%. Daily PPI use decreased from 91% to 29%. Esophagitis was healed in 75% of patients, and 57% normalized their pH scores. De novo gas bloat, flatulence, and dysphagia were not associated with the TIF 2.0 technique in this study.

Two major level 1 trials were then initiated and published in the US, demonstrating continued improved outcomes. The TEMPO trial was designed to prospectively compare outcomes between incomplete responders to PPI therapy and TIF 2.0 therapy in an open-label crossover study.[92] At 6 months, the fundoplication group reported esophagitis was healed in 100% of patients, symptoms were eliminated in 77%, and 82% were able to discontinue PPI use. After 6 months of high-dose PPI therapy, the control group was allowed to cross-over. Their initial 6-month outcomes post fundoplication and off PPI therapy demonstrated elimination of regurgitation and atypical symptoms in 65%; 75% of these patients further healed esophagitis, showing that fundoplication improved on outcomes after maximal medical therapy. This trial was carried out to 3 years, and demonstrated that 71% of the patients fully discontinued PPI therapy.[93] Atypical symptoms were controlled, as demonstrated by normalization of the reflux symptom index (RSI) score in 87%. Quality-of-life scores remained normalized and 87% of patients were without esophagitis. Scores remained stable between the 12 months, 36 months, and a final 5-year report, demonstrating durability in the fundoplication for up to 5 years.[29]

A second level 1 trial involved TIF 2.0 with placebo versus a sham procedure with PPI therapy. In this study, designated RESPECT,[94] the outcomes were reported at 6 months, then after crossover, at 12 months.[95] Regurgitation was the endpoint of control, with 67% of fundoplication patients versus 45% of the PPI patients controlled at 6 months; 76% of the sham patients elected to crossover to fundoplication, and, at 12 months, 72% had control of regurgitation and 72% remained completely off PPI therapy.

These two trials occurred in the US, but there was also a randomized controlled sham trial published in Europe.[96] Patients treated with TIF 2.0 were able to discontinue PPI therapy 59% of the time, compared with 9% of patients in the sham arm. Esophageal acid exposure was significantly improved from 8.89% to 3.73% of the time, demonstrating overall normalization. No sham patients showed statistical improvement in their acid exposure times.

Combined, these randomized controlled studies demonstrate that the TIF 2.0 procedure can reduce PPI use and control symptoms similar to current anti-reflux procedures, with a lower side effect profile and greater safety.[97]

Safety is demonstrated to be at least equivalent to laparoscopic fundoplication in literature outcomes but may be significantly lower. A review of industry-gathered data indicates that the SAE rate is markedly lower than laparoscopic fundoplication at 0.41%,[98] with 91 serious events being reported to the database out of a total of approximately 22,000 procedures as of July 2019 (Figure 3).

Figure 3.

Commercial SAE rate of 0.43% (94 in 22,000 commercial cases); last SAE case reported July 2019; more than one harm reported in some cases.

SAE, serious adverse event.

The durability of the TIF 2.0 fundoplication at 5 years was demonstrated in the TEMPO trial, but two other European trials demonstrate 5-year and 10-year durability specifically in the TIF 2.0 technique as well, with non-significant changes in symptom control over the time of each study.[96,99]

Of the three procedures discussed, and, at the time of this writing, a total of 186 patients have undergone ELF, 673 patients have undergone TIF 1.0, and over 22,000 patients have undergone TIF 2.0.

Hiatal hernia repair with TIF

In 2011, a retrospective review suggested outcomes for TIF 2.0 would be improved if a hiatal hernia (HH) repair was performed just prior to the fundoplication.[45] At the time, the FDA instructions for use (IFU) allowed for use of the EsophyX® device for hiatal hernias <2 cm in axial displacement, following the limit of sensitivity for detecting a hiatal hernia on barium swallow.

TIF 2.0 users were also adopting the Hill criteria for HH, and felt that only a Hill 4 rated hiatus demonstrated what would normally be considered a HH requiring repair.[100] Following an initial 24 patients with TIF 2.0 only, 6-month outcomes showed significant improvement in the quality of life and atypical symptoms scores, and 76% of patients were off daily PPI use. However, follow-up endoscopy also showed there were intact fundoplications within a dilated hiatus.

Concern among users was whether a dilated hiatus was contributing to a return of symptoms after TIF 2.0, and a retrospective review confirmed that symptom outcomes and satisfaction scores improved in patients that received a hiatal repair prior to TIF 2.0 (Table 1). Other reports also began to reflect that a Hill 2 hiatus would do well after TIF 2.0, but a Hill 3 hiatus may be contributing to recurrent symptoms.[64,87] A series of studies looked at the spectrum of hiatal dilation, and the appropriate assignment of Hill criteria, as well as the selection of when to repair the hiatus. It was determined that outcomes were affected when the hiatus was dilated to greater than 2 cm in transverse diameter.[101-103] As users of the EsophyX device gained experience in identifying how the dilated hiatus affected outcomes, and as more data became available,[68,96] the selection criteria for TIF-only patients matured. It is the process of this realization that may account for improved outcomes between the 2012 registry study and the TEMPO and RESPECT trials.

Table 1.

TIF 2.0 versus TIF 2.0 w/CC(median scores).

Post TIF		Post TIF w/CC
• GERD-HRQL	5	• GERD-HRQL	3
• RSI	5	• RSI	4
• GERSS	6	• GERSS	1
• Regurgitation	5	• Regurgitation	0
• Satisfaction	50%	• Satisfaction	83%

p < 0.001 for all changes.

CC, crural closure; GERD, gastroesophageal reflux disease; GERSS, gastroesophageal reflux symptom score; HRQL, health-related quality of life; RSI, reflux symptom index; TIF, transoral incisionless fundoplication.

Identifying and repairing a dilated hiatus fulfills the fifth criteria for effective anti-reflux surgery. In 2017, based on these studies, the FDA granted a modification of the IFU. This modification allowed TIF immediately after hiatal repair, similar to what was routinely performed in any other fundoplication.

Post procedure concerns

Postoperative care is similar to traditional fundoplication techniques. Patients will experience some substernal discomfort associated with irritation of the cura with or without hiatal repair. Shoulder discomfort associated with phrenic nerve irritation is common and resolves usually within a week. Some practitioners have opted to perform TIF 2.0 as an outpatient procedure but many observe the patient overnight. Risks include postoperative nausea, but patients are able to belch and vomit if necessary, although there is some risk to disruption of the fundoplication with heavy retching or vomiting. As discussed, postoperative dysphagia, bloat, gassiness, and flatulence is rare with the TIF 2.0 procedure; however, preoperative dysphagia may persist postoperatively. To moderate dysphagia, a graduated diet is prescribed. This consists of full liquids for 2 weeks, pureed foods for 1 week, soft foods for 1 week, and then a modified regular diet that avoids beef, chicken, bread, rice, and tortillas for a week. A regular diet is allowed in the 6th week. This is felt to improve esophageal muscular strength and peristaltic coordination in the postoperative period. Persistent dysphagia may be treated with bougie dilation as is typical with dysphagia due to reflux associated esophageal fibrosis.[87,90,104]

More serious complications, including pleural effusion, mediastitis, abscess, and esophageal perforation, have been reported.[45,87,105] Observation overnight for manifestations of these complications is reasonable, and if white blood cell counts greater than 15K, and or tachycardia over 105 beats per minute, contrast study is recommended. Either esophagram or computed tomography with gastrograffin contrast is helpful.[45,106,107] If a leak cannot be demonstrated, it would be prudent to continue on intravenous antibiotics until these issues resolve or a leak declares. A review of the manufacturer and user database reveals that complications were more common in the first few years after introduction of TIF 2.0. Changes in technique, device design, and the overall level of experience with the device have demonstrated a downward trend in the incidence of these complications.[98]

The spectrum of reflux treatment

The most common and most early presentation of reflux disease is heartburn. When symptoms initially present, lifestyle changes, a change in food choices and weight loss often will resolve symptoms. Many times, antacids will resolve the acute condition. If symptoms persist, a 6–8 week trial of H2 antagonists often will heal the underlying esophagitis, and, if not, a 6- to 8-week trial of PPI therapy is very effective. Patients that continue to have symptoms beyond a second 6- to 8-week trial may have a different etiology to their reflux that may be due to anatomic changes. These anatomic defects are amenable to repair using TIF with[45,108,109] or without hiatal repair. With easy access to over-the-counter PPI therapy, many patients are on PPI therapy for several years before seeking alternative treatment. Studies indicate progression of the disease during the prolonged use of PPI therapy.[14-27] Additionally, an increase in the incidence of esophageal adenocarcinoma has been identified during this period of PPI use.[110]

Based on the studies discussed, TIF 2.0 is a viable alternative to chronic medical therapy in patients who fail to resolve their reflux symptoms after 6 months of medical therapy. This provides ample time to allow for maximal medical care without subjecting patients to the risks associated with prolonged PPI therapy. Early disease without dilation of the hiatus can be treated with the TIF 2.0 technique alone, whereas patients with chronic and late disease often have a HH requiring repair. A recent study demonstrates that these patients can be identified with a technique that uses a retroflexed endoscope to reproducibly measure the hiatus for repair. When controlling for a hiatus less than the 3 cm in greatest transverse diameter limit, 95% of patients with an intact fundoplication were found to have normalized their pH score.[109]

A review of the studies presented suggests that, compared with traditional laparoscopic fundoplication, TIF 2.0 and possibly hiatal repair with TIF 2.0 offer greater safety and side effect profiles with equivalent outcomes and durability.[29,91,96,97,99] This then suggests that TIF 2.0 procedure is poised to significantly alter the traditional spectrum of care. For patients that fail to get off of medical therapy after a 6-month trial of increasing medical care, TIF can restore the angle of HIS and improve the LES function necessary to control reflux symptoms, heal esophagitis, and allow discontinuation of medications. Patients that have a hiatus greater than 3 cm in diameter, as measured with a retroflexed endoscope,[109] can undergo laparoscopic HH repair with TIF. The combined laparoscopic and endoscopic approach has fewer and less comprehensive studies to date, but, in available studies, appears to have similar outcomes in symptom control, safety, and normalization of esophageal pH without causing the bloat syndrome side effects that deterred patients from anatomic repair in the past.[45,108,109]