Shengzhi Sun1, Kate R Weinberger2, Meilin Yan3, G Brooke Anderson4, Gregory A Wellenius5. 1. Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Center for Environmental Health and Technology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States. Electronic address: szsun@bu.edu. 2. Department of Epidemiology and Center for Environmental Health and Technology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States; School of Population and Public Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. 3. Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China; Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States. 4. Department of Environmental & Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO, United States. 5. Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, United States; Department of Epidemiology and Center for Environmental Health and Technology, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, United States.
Abstract
BACKGROUND: The public health impacts of tropical cyclones (TCs) are expected to increase due to the continued growth of coastal populations and the increasing severity of these events. However, the impact of TCs on pregnant women, a vulnerable population, remains largely unknown. We aimed to estimate the association between prenatal exposure to TCs and risk of preterm birth in the eastern United States (US) and to assess whether the association varies by individual- and area-level characteristics. METHODS: We included data on 19,529,748 spontaneous singleton births from 1989 to 2002 across 378 US counties. In each county, we classified days as exposed to a TC when TC-associated peak sustained winds at the county's population-weighted center were >17.2 m/s (gale-force winds or greater). We defined preterm birth as births delivered prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation. We used distributed lag log-linear mixed-effects models to estimate the relative risk (RR) and absolute risk difference (ARD) for TC exposure by comparing preterm births occurring in TC-periods (from 2 days before to 30 days after the TC's closest approach to the county's population center) to matched non-TC periods. We conducted secondary analyses using other wind thresholds (12 m/s and 22 m/s) and other exposure metrics: county distance to storm track (30 km, 60 km, and 100 km) and cumulative rainfall within the county (75 mm, 100 mm, and 125 mm). RESULTS: During the study period, there were 1,981,797 (10.1%) preterm births and 58 TCs that affected at least one US county on which we had birth data. The risk of preterm birth was positively associated with TC exposure defined as peak sustained wind speed >17.2 m/s (gale-force winds or greater) [RR: 1.01 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.03); ARD: 9 (95% CI: -7, 25) per 10,000 pregnancies], distance to storm track <60 km [RR: 1.02 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.04); ARD: 23 (95% CI: 9, 38) per 10,000 pregnancies], and cumulative rainfall >100 mm [RR: 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.06); ARD: 36 (95% CI: 16, 56) per 10,000 pregnancies]. Results were comparable when considering other wind, distance, or rain thresholds. The association was more pronounced among early preterm births and mothers living in more socially vulnerable counties but did not vary across strata of other hypothesized risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal exposure to TC was associated with a higher risk of preterm birth. Our findings provide initial evidence that severe storms may trigger preterm birth.
BACKGROUND: The public health impacts of tropical cyclones (TCs) are expected to increase due to the continued growth of coastal populations and the increasing severity of these events. However, the impact of TCs on pregnant women, a vulnerable population, remains largely unknown. We aimed to estimate the association between prenatal exposure to TCs and risk of preterm birth in the eastern United States (US) and to assess whether the association varies by individual- and area-level characteristics. METHODS: We included data on 19,529,748 spontaneous singleton births from 1989 to 2002 across 378 US counties. In each county, we classified days as exposed to a TC when TC-associated peak sustained winds at the county's population-weighted center were >17.2 m/s (gale-force winds or greater). We defined preterm birth as births delivered prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation. We used distributed lag log-linear mixed-effects models to estimate the relative risk (RR) and absolute risk difference (ARD) for TC exposure by comparing preterm births occurring in TC-periods (from 2 days before to 30 days after the TC's closest approach to the county's population center) to matched non-TC periods. We conducted secondary analyses using other wind thresholds (12 m/s and 22 m/s) and other exposure metrics: county distance to storm track (30 km, 60 km, and 100 km) and cumulative rainfall within the county (75 mm, 100 mm, and 125 mm). RESULTS: During the study period, there were 1,981,797 (10.1%) preterm births and 58 TCs that affected at least one US county on which we had birth data. The risk of preterm birth was positively associated with TC exposure defined as peak sustained wind speed >17.2 m/s (gale-force winds or greater) [RR: 1.01 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.03); ARD: 9 (95% CI: -7, 25) per 10,000 pregnancies], distance to storm track <60 km [RR: 1.02 (95% CI: 1.01, 1.04); ARD: 23 (95% CI: 9, 38) per 10,000 pregnancies], and cumulative rainfall >100 mm [RR: 1.04 (95% CI: 1.02, 1.06); ARD: 36 (95% CI: 16, 56) per 10,000 pregnancies]. Results were comparable when considering other wind, distance, or rain thresholds. The association was more pronounced among early preterm births and mothers living in more socially vulnerable counties but did not vary across strata of other hypothesized risk factors. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal exposure to TC was associated with a higher risk of preterm birth. Our findings provide initial evidence that severe storms may trigger preterm birth.
Authors: Emily W Harville; Ke Pan; Leslie Beitsch; Samendra P Sherchan; Elaina Gonsoroski; Christopher Uejio; Maureen Y Lichtveld Journal: Disaster Med Public Health Prep Date: 2022-03-03 Impact factor: 5.556
Authors: Kristie L Ebi; Jennifer Vanos; Jane W Baldwin; Jesse E Bell; David M Hondula; Nicole A Errett; Katie Hayes; Colleen E Reid; Shubhayu Saha; June Spector; Peter Berry Journal: Annu Rev Public Health Date: 2021-01-06 Impact factor: 21.870