Adjuvant and Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Osteosarcoma: A Historical Perspective.

Osteosarcoma was initially resistant to chemotherapy that worked for Ewing sarcoma and rhabdomyosarcoma as well as other chemotherapeutic agents available in the 1960s. In the early 1970s, responses of osteosarcoma to adriamycin were reported, and at about the same time, so were responses of osteosarcoma to high-dose methotrexate. These agents were introduced into adjuvant therapy due to the dire prognosis associated with apparently localized osteosarcoma. After initial questions regarding the role of chemotherapy delayed its uniform acceptance, there is now general agreement that chemotherapy is primarily responsible for the cure of patients with osteosarcoma when combined with surgical elimination of the primary tumor. Advances with combination chemotherapy later adding cisplatin and ifosfamide have improved ultimate survival. The history of the development of effective chemotherapy combinations at Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, UT MD Anderson Cancer Center, and the Rizzoli Institute are highlighted, and recent large cooperative group studies are reviewed in the context of those findings.