Stefanie Bressan Waller1, Daiane Flores Dalla Lana2, Priscilla Maciel Quatrin3, Marcos Roberto Alves Ferreira4, Alexandre Meneghello Fuentefria5, Adelina Mezzari5. 1. Department of Preventive Veterinary, Faculty of Veterinary, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, 96010-900, Brazil. waller.stefanie@yahoo.com.br. 2. Postgraduate Program in Pathology, Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. 3. Postgraduate Program in Agricultural and Environmental Microbiology, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil. 4. Biotechnology, Technological Development Center, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, RS, Brazil. 5. Department of Analysis, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The treatment of human and animal sporotrichosis is often performed with antifungal agents; however, the emergence of antifungal-resistant strains of Sporothrix species has been reported. We aimed to discuss the ability of Sporothrix species in developing resistance to the conventional antifungals and mechanisms for this. METHODOLOGY: Published data on databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar) were investigated using a combination of keywords from 2008 to 2019 by the StArt tool. RESULTS: The minimal inhibitory concentrations values based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) from eight references were classified according to the epidemiological cutoff values in wild-type or non-wild-type strains. In this way, non-wild-type S. schenckii and, mainly, S. brasiliensis isolates were recognized on itraconazole, amphotericin B, terbinafine, and voriconazole, which are strains that deserve more attention toward antifungal control, with a probable risk of mutation to antifungal resistance. Among the few reviewed studied on antifungal resistance, the melanin production capacity (DHN-melanin, L-DOPA melanin, and pyomelanin), the low genetic diversity due to the abnormal number of chromosomes, and the mutation in cytochrome P450 are some of the factors for developing resistance mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: The emergence of Sporothrix species with in vitro antifungal resistance was evidenced and the possible mechanisms for resistance development may be due to the melanin production capacity, genetic diversity and mutations in cytochrome P450. Further studies should be carried out targeting gene expression for the development of antifungal resistance on Sporothrix species in order to prospect new therapeutic targets for human and veterinary use.
INTRODUCTION: The treatment of human and animal sporotrichosis is often performed with antifungal agents; however, the emergence of antifungal-resistant strains of Sporothrix species has been reported. We aimed to discuss the ability of Sporothrix species in developing resistance to the conventional antifungals and mechanisms for this. METHODOLOGY: Published data on databases (PubMed, Science Direct, Google Scholar) were investigated using a combination of keywords from 2008 to 2019 by the StArt tool. RESULTS: The minimal inhibitory concentrations values based on the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) from eight references were classified according to the epidemiological cutoff values in wild-type or non-wild-type strains. In this way, non-wild-type S. schenckii and, mainly, S. brasiliensis isolates were recognized on itraconazole, amphotericin B, terbinafine, and voriconazole, which are strains that deserve more attention toward antifungal control, with a probable risk of mutation to antifungal resistance. Among the few reviewed studied on antifungal resistance, the melanin production capacity (DHN-melanin, L-DOPA melanin, and pyomelanin), the low genetic diversity due to the abnormal number of chromosomes, and the mutation in cytochrome P450 are some of the factors for developing resistance mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: The emergence of Sporothrix species with in vitro antifungal resistance was evidenced and the possible mechanisms for resistance development may be due to the melanin production capacity, genetic diversity and mutations in cytochrome P450. Further studies should be carried out targeting gene expression for the development of antifungal resistance on Sporothrix species in order to prospect new therapeutic targets for human and veterinary use.
Authors: Rodrigo Almeida-Paes; Manoel Marques Evangelista Oliveira; Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas; Antônio Carlos Francesconi do Valle; Maria Clara Gutierrez-Galhardo; Rosely Maria Zancopé-Oliveira Journal: Med Mycol Date: 2017-07-01 Impact factor: 4.076
Authors: Anderson Messias Rodrigues; Marcus de Melo Teixeira; G Sybren de Hoog; Tânia Maria Pacheco Schubach; Sandro Antonio Pereira; Geisa Ferreira Fernandes; Leila Maria Lopes Bezerra; Maria Sueli Felipe; Zoilo Pires de Camargo Journal: PLoS Negl Trop Dis Date: 2013-06-20
Authors: Luana P Borba-Santos; Caroline Deckmann Nicoletti; Taissa Vila; Patricia Garcia Ferreira; Carlos Fernando Araújo-Lima; Bárbara Verena Dias Galvão; Israel Felzenszwalb; Wanderley de Souza; Fernando de Carvalho da Silva; Vitor Francisco Ferreira; Debora Omena Futuro; Sonia Rozental Journal: Braz J Microbiol Date: 2022-03-08 Impact factor: 2.214
Authors: Fernando Almeida-Silva; Andrea Reis Bernardes-Engemann; Ana Luiza Rangel Bérenger; Vagner Pereira da Silva; Maria Raquel Figueiredo; Dayvison Francis Saraiva Freitas Journal: Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz Date: 2022-09-30 Impact factor: 2.747
Authors: Lais Cavalcanti Dos Santos Velasco de Souza; Lucas Martins Alcântara; Pãmella Antunes de Macêdo-Sales; Nathália Faria Reis; Débora Sena de Oliveira; Ricardo Luiz Dantas Machado; Reinaldo Barros Geraldo; André Luis Souza Dos Santos; Vítor Francisco Ferreira; Daniel Tadeu Gomes Gonzaga; Fernando de Carvalho da Silva; Helena Carla Castro; Andréa Regina de Souza Baptista Journal: Pharmaceuticals (Basel) Date: 2022-01-01