Genevieve Gariepy1, Sofia Danna2, Inese Gobiņa3, Mette Rasmussen4, Margarida Gaspar de Matos5, Jorma Tynjälä6, Ian Janssen7, Michal Kalman8, Anita Villeruša9, Daniela Husarova10, Fiona Brooks11, Frank J Elgar12, Solvita Klavina-Makrecka13, Kastytis Šmigelskas14, Tania Gaspar15, Christina Schnohr16. 1. Department of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Canada. Electronic address: genevieve.gariepy@umontreal.ca. 2. Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Montreal, Canada. 3. Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia. 4. National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Copenhagen, Denmark. 5. Institute of Environmental Health, School of Human Kinetics, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal. 6. Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland. 7. Department of Public Health Sciences, School of Kinesiology and Health Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Canada. 8. Department of Recreation and Leisure Studies, Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic. 9. Department of Public health and Epidemiology, Institute of Public Health, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia. 10. Department of Health Psychology, Faculty of Medicine, PJ Safarik University, Kosice, Slovakia. 11. Office of the Deputy Vice-Chancellor Research, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, Sydney, Australia. 12. Institute for Health and Social Policy, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. 13. Department of Public Health and Epidemiology, Riga Stradins University, Riga, Latvia. 14. Health Research Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania. 15. Psychology and Educational Sciences Institute, Lusiada University/CLISSIS, ISAMB/Lisbon University, Lisbon, Portugal. 16. Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
Abstract
PURPOSE: Insufficient and poor sleep patterns are common among adolescents worldwide. Up to now, the evidence on adolescent sleep has been mostly informed by country-specific studies that used different measures and age groups, making direct comparisons difficult. Cross-national data on adolescent sleep that could inform nations and international discussions are lacking. We examined the sleep patterns of adolescents across 24 countries and by gender, age, and affluence groups. METHODS: We obtained sleep data on 165,793 adolescents (mean age 13.5 years; 50.5% girls) in 24 European and North American countries from the recent cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children surveys (2013-2014 and 2017-2018). For each country, we calculated the age-standardized mean in sleep duration, timing, and consistency and the proportions meeting sleep recommendations on school and nonschool days from self-reported bedtimes and wake times. We conducted stratified analyses by gender, age, and family affluence group. RESULTS: Adolescent sleep patterns varied cross-nationally. The average sleep duration ranged between 7:47 and 9:07 hours on school days and between 9:31 and 10:22 hours on nonschool days, and the proportion of adolescents meeting sleep recommendations ranged between 32% and 86% on school days and between 79% and 92% on nonschool days. Sleep patterns by gender and affluence groups were largely similar, but older adolescents slept less and went to bed later on school days than younger adolescents in all countries. CONCLUSIONS: The sleep patterns of adolescents vary across countries and sociodemographic groups. Insufficient sleep on school days is common in many countries. Public health and policy efforts to promote healthy adolescent sleep are encouraged.
PURPOSE: Insufficient and poor sleep patterns are common among adolescents worldwide. Up to now, the evidence on adolescent sleep has been mostly informed by country-specific studies that used different measures and age groups, making direct comparisons difficult. Cross-national data on adolescent sleep that could inform nations and international discussions are lacking. We examined the sleep patterns of adolescents across 24 countries and by gender, age, and affluence groups. METHODS: We obtained sleep data on 165,793 adolescents (mean age 13.5 years; 50.5% girls) in 24 European and North American countries from the recent cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children surveys (2013-2014 and 2017-2018). For each country, we calculated the age-standardized mean in sleep duration, timing, and consistency and the proportions meeting sleep recommendations on school and nonschool days from self-reported bedtimes and wake times. We conducted stratified analyses by gender, age, and family affluence group. RESULTS: Adolescent sleep patterns varied cross-nationally. The average sleep duration ranged between 7:47 and 9:07 hours on school days and between 9:31 and 10:22 hours on nonschool days, and the proportion of adolescents meeting sleep recommendations ranged between 32% and 86% on school days and between 79% and 92% on nonschool days. Sleep patterns by gender and affluence groups were largely similar, but older adolescents slept less and went to bed later on school days than younger adolescents in all countries. CONCLUSIONS: The sleep patterns of adolescents vary across countries and sociodemographic groups. Insufficient sleep on school days is common in many countries. Public health and policy efforts to promote healthy adolescent sleep are encouraged.
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