The diagnostic value of the combination of Golgi protein 73, glypican-3 and alpha-fetoprotein in hepatocellular carcinoma: a diagnostic meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has been extensively applied in clinical practice to detect and predict postoperative outcomes of patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, due to its low sensitivity and specificity, its efficacy has been questioned. Recently, novel serum biomarkers including Golgi protein 73 (GP73) and glypican-3 (GPC-3) have shown a better discriminatory ability than AFP in detecting early HCC. The results of the combined use of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP in the diagnosis of HCC remain inconclusive. This investigation aimed to evaluate the discriminatory ability of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP to jointly identify HCC using the statistical methods of meta-analysis.
METHODS: Comprehensive database searches of, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, Embase, the Chinese Biomedical Literature Database, and the China National Knowledge Infrastructure were performed for literature dated up to 1 November, 2019. Studies relating to the diagnostic accuracy of the combination of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP in the identification of HCC were included. A random-effects model was used to pool sensitivity, specificity, the positive and negative likelihood ratios [positive likelihood ratio (PLR) and negative likelihood ratio (NLR), respectively], and the diagnostic odds ratio (DOR). We applied the Fagan nomogram to assess the clinical utility of joint detection. The overall detection accuracy was determined using summary receiver operating characteristic curve (SROC) analysis. Meta-regression analysis of heterogeneity publication bias was analyzed with Stata (version 12.0).
RESULTS: Our meta-analysis focused on 12 studies involving 919 patients with HCC and 1,549 non-HCC patients. Sensitivity, specificity, PLR, NLR and DOR for joint detection, were 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87-0.94), 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77-0.89), 5.83 (95% CI: 4.05-8.40), 0.10 (95% CI: 0.07-0.15), 57.51 (95% CI: 35.92-92.08), respectively, when pooled, and the area under the SROC curve was 0.95.
CONCLUSIONS: Current evidence indicates that GP73, GPC-3 and AFP exhibit much better accuracy for the diagnosis of HCC when used in combination rather than alone or in pairs. 2020 Annals of Translational Medicine. All rights reserved.

Introduction

Globally, liver cancer ranks as the seventh most prevalent primary malignant tumor and is the third-biggest contributor to cancer-related mortality (1), with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) accounting for more than 90% of liver cancer cases (2). On account of HCC’s highly aggressive and insidious nature and a lack of effective and early diagnostic methods, a large proportion of HCC cases are identified when the patients are already at an advanced stage, at which point curative treatments are not viable, resulting in a fairly poor prognosis (3). Consequently, early detection and effective treatment are extremely important to improve the overall survival of life of patients with HCC.

Since the 1970s, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) has remained the most commonly used serum biomarker in the screening and diagnosis of HCC in clinical practice. However, previous studies have found that a number of patients with benign hepatic diseases may have an elevated level of AFP, while no elevated level of AFP has been detected in patients with HCC. Because of its poor sensitivity and specificity, especially during early-stage HCC, the diagnostic performance of AFP is not satisfactory, and there is an urgent need for novel biomarkers which could complement or even replace AFP (4-6).

A type of glycosyl-phosphatidyl-inositol anchored heparan sulfate proteoglycan, which are subordinate to the glypican family, glypican-3 (GPC-3) has been identified as being closely related to the proliferation and metastasis of cancerous cells (7,8). Normal human tissues see low expression of GPC-3, but in diseased liver tissues, especially HCC tissue, previous studies have found the protein to be overexpressed (9). Additionally, there has been no correlation discovered between the levels of GPC3 and AFP, which illustrates that both elements are functionally independent (10). In a normal liver, the expression of Golgi protein 73 (GP73), a resident Golgi-specific membrane protein, principally occurs in the epithelial cells of the bile duct, but with chronic liver diseases, in particular HCC, there is a marked increase in its expression (11). The value of serum GP73 as a diagnostic indicator has been shown to be higher than that of AFP (12).

However, the results of studies relating to the performance of the combined application of serum GP73, GPC3 and AFP in the diagnosis of HCC remain controversial. This meta-analysis aimed to summarize and analyze results from studies focused on the diagnostic performance of the combined application of serum GP73, GPC3 and AFP for HCC diagnosis.

Methods

Search strategy and study selection

To identify relevant studies, a comprehensive literature review was performed using the, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, Embase, Chinese Biomedical Literature Database and China National Knowledge Infrastructure databases. Studies conducted up to 1 November, 2019 were filtered using the following search terms: (I) GP73: GP73, Golgi protein 73, Golgi phosphoprotein 2, Golgi membrane protein 1; (II) GPC3: glypican-3, glypican3, glypican 3; (III) AFP and alpha Fetoprotein (IV) HCC: liver cancer, HCC, liver neoplasm, hepatic neoplasm. Consideration was also given to the reference lists of the relevant studies and publications, until no possible articles could be found. The articles were independently reviewed by two reviewers (Shoujie Zhao and Desha Zheng), and any disagreements were resolved by discussion.

The included criteria were as follows: (I) all patients included were diagnosed with HCC by contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) according to the guidelines of the American Association for the Study of the Liver Disease and European Association for the Study of Liver Disease (AASLD-EASL); (II) comparison of the diagnostic accuracy of the combination of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP either with a single method or alliance in pairs; (III) the sensitivity and specificity of each combination should have been presented directly or converted by calculating the original data in the studies.

If studies met any of the following criteria, they were not considered appropriate for inclusion in our meta-analysis: (I) repetitive studies, narrative reviews, letters, comments, case reports or studies unrelated to our topic; (II) no control groups; (III) experiments on laboratory animals and cultured cells; (IV) studies consisting of an evaluation of serum maker levels by messenger RNA, DNA or DNA polymorphism analysis; (V) a lack of extractable data.

Data extraction

Two independent investigators extracted the following data from the articles that qualified for inclusion in our meta-analysis: the first author’s name, the year of publication, the number of HCC patients and controls, the type of marker assay, and original data relating to sensitivity and specificity [the amount of true positive (TP), false negative (FP), true negative (TN), and false positive (FN) results]. Furthermore, the following formulas were used to calculate the number of TP, FP, FN, and TN results: TP = number of HCC patients × sensitivity; FP = number of non-HCC patients × (1 − specificity); FN = number of HCC patients × (1 − sensitivity); TN = number of non-HCC patients × specificity; all disagreements relating to data extraction were discussed with a third independent researcher to reach a consensus.

Assessment of methodological quality

The assessment of the quality of the included studies was determined according to the Quality Assessment of Studies of Diagnostic Accuracy included in Systematic Reviews (QUADAS) checklist recommended by the Cochrane Collaboration (13). To assist with our risk-of-bias assessment, 14 items were applied and classified as ‘yes’ if reported, ‘no’ if not reported, or ‘unclear’ if information was not sufficient enough to inform a precise judgment. Each of the 14 items that assessed risk of bias was scored as ‘high’, ‘low’, or ‘unclear’.

Statistical analysis

Statistical analyses were conducted by Stata 12.0 and Meta-Disc 1.4 software. Pooled sensitivity, specificity, positive likelihood ratio (PLR), negative likelihood ratio (NLR), and diagnostic odds ratio (DOR), as well as their 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs), were calculated and displayed in the form of forest plots. Diagnostic accuracy was determined using the summary receiver operating characteristic curve (SROC) and its AUC. The evaluation of the extracted data’s heterogeneity was conducted according to I2 value. Insignificant heterogeneity was defined as I2 value <50% and P value >0.1. In the absence of heterogeneity, meta-analysis was carried out using a fixed effects model, whereas when heterogeneity was identified, a random effects model was used. Spearman’s rank correlation was used to measure whether the threshold effect resulted in heterogeneity. If Spearman’s correlation coefficient was around 1 and P≤0.05, we deemed the threshold effect to exist.

Meta-regression was conducted to analyze heterogeneity if there was no threshold effect. Publication bias was examined using Deeks’ funnel plot, with a P value <0.05 suggesting an underlying publication bias. The assessment of the clinical practicability of the joint detection of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP was carried out using the Fagan nomogram and likelihood matrix.

Results

Study selection and study-quality analysis

After carrying out a literature search of the databases mentioned previously, 281 potentially relevant articles were initially identified. Among these articles, 57 were excluded due to duplication. After the examination of titles and abstracts, a further 201 studies were excluded. The remaining 23 studies were selected for full-text screening. Out of these, 12 studies were eventually deemed eligible for inclusion in this meta-analysis (14-25). The study recruitment flowchart is shown in . The clinical features of the 12 included articles, as well as their methodology, are set out in . The results of the 12 included studies’ quality assessments, conducted according to QUADAS, are shown in .

Figure 1

Flow diagram of the process of the inclusion and exclusion of studies for this meta-analysis.

Table 1

Characteristics of the included studies

Study (year)	Patients with HCC/controls	GP73						GPC-3						AFP						GPC-3 + AFP					GP73 + AFP					GP73 + GPC-3 + AFP
		TP	FP	FN	TN	Method		TP	FP	FN	TN	Method		TP	FP	FN	TN	Method		TP	FP	FN	TN		TP	FP	FN	TN		TP	FP	FN	TN
Yang Hua-Yu (2013)	45/72	36	1	9	71	WB		14	6	31	66	EL		26	7	19	65	IA		33	12	12	60		42	8	3	64		43	13	2	59
Zhang Hua (2014)	60/106	41	10	19	96	EL		38	4	22	102	EL		32	8	28	98	IA		44	8	16	98		48	17	12	89		52	18	8	18
Huo Yi-Shan (2017)	90/120	63	30	28	76	EL		65	15	26	91	EL		59	26	32	80	IA		–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–		74	6	17	100
Lv Song-Lin (2019)	34/58	18	6	16	52	WB		19	6	15	52	EL		15	8	19	50	IA		–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–		33	7	1	51
Hao Rui (2018)	65/222	51	55	14	167	EL		39	44	26	178	EL		37	37	28	185	IA		45	54	20	168		59	71	6	151		62	85	3	137
Zhao Tian-Tian (2017)	90/120	83	6	7	114	EL		79	4	11	116	EL		82	9	8	111	IA		–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–		82	18	8	110
Zhu Bo (2016)	194/224	152	3	42	221	EL		103	11	91	213	EL		114	18	80	206	IA		–	–	–	–		–	–	–	–		184	28	10	196
Fan Gong-Ren (2014)	148/215	–	–	–	–	EL		–	–	–	–	EL		113	35	35	180	IA		116	31	32	184		118	34	30	181		142	40	6	175
Long Lu (2013)	43/132	37	8	6	124	EL		23	7	20	125	EL		33	18	10	111	IA		38	25	5	107		42	25	1	107		42	31	1	98
Zhao Yun-Sheng (2012)	50/80	36	4	14	76	EL		21	3	29	77	EL		–	–	–	–	IA		–	–	–	–		44	10	6	70		44	12	6	68
Li Hui (2016)	50/100	36	6	14	94	EL		–	–	–	–	EL		–	–	–	–	IA		–	–	–	–		36	6	14	94		38	7	12	93
Zhao Yun-Sheng (2017)	50/100	36	6	14	94	EL		–	–	–	–	EL		26	6	24	74	IA		26	2	24	98		36	6	14	94		39	7	11	93

HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; TP, true positive; FP, false positive; FN, false negative; TN, true negative; EL, ELISA; WB, Western blot; IA, immunoassay.

Table 2

QUADAS-2 quality assessment of included studies

Study (year)	Q1	Q2	Q3	Q4	Q5	Q6	Q7	Q8	Q9	Q10	Q11	Q12	Q13	Q14
Yang Hua-Yu (2013)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Zhang Hua (2014)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Huo Yi-Shan (2017)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Lv Song-Lin (2019)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Hao Rui (2018)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Zhao Tian-Tian (2017)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Zhu Bo (2016)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Fan Gong-Ren (2014)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Long Lu (2013)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Zhao Yun-Sheng (2012)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Li Hui (2016)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Zhao Yun-Sheng (2017)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Unclear	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes

Y, yes; N, no; U, unclear; Q1, spectrum composition; Q2, selection criteria; Q3, appropriate reference standard; Q4, disease progression bias; Q5, partial verification bias; Q6, differential verification bias; Q7, incorporation bias; Q8, test execution details; Q9, reference execution details; Q10, test review bias; Q11, diagnostic review bias; Q12, clinical review bias; Q13, intermediate results; Q14, withdrawals.

Summary diagnostic value for HCC

The pooled sensitivity and specificity for the combination of GP73, GPC3, and AFP in discriminating HCC from non-HCC were 0.91 (95% CI: 0.87–0.94, P<0.001) and 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77–0.89, P<0.001), respectively (). The pooled PLR and NLR were 5.83 (95% CI: 4.05–8.40, P<0.001) and 0.10 (95% CI: 0.07–0.15, P<0.001), respectively. The DOR was 57.51 (95% CI: 35.92–92.08, P<0.001). SROC curves were used to plot the articles’ sensitivity and specificity (), and the AUC value was 0.95 (95% CI: 0.92–0.96, P<0.001). The DOR of the joint detection of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP was highest, while it was the lowest for AFP alone ().

Figure 2

Forest plots for sensitivity and specificity of the combination of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP for diagnosing HCC. GP73, Golgi protein 73; GPC-3, Golgi protein glypican-3; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.

Figure 3

SROC curve of the combination of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP for diagnosing HCC. SROC, summary receiver operating characteristic curve; GP73, Golgi protein 73; GPC-3, Golgi protein glypican-3; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma.

Table 3

Summary of the diagnostic accuracy of GP73, GPC-3, AFP, GP73 + AFP, GPC-3 + AFP, GP73 + GPC-3 + AFP

Marker	N	Pooled sensitivity (95% CI)	Pooled specificity (95% CI)	PLR (95% CI)	NLR (95% CI)	DOR (95% CI)	AUC (95% CI)
GP73	9	0.77 (0.69–0.83)	0.93 (0.86–0.96)	10.8 (5.2–22.1)	0.25 (0.18–0.34)	43 [17–110]	0.90 (0.87–0.92)
GPC-3	9	0.59 (0.47–0.70)	0.93 (0.89–0.95)	8.3 (5.0–13.7)	0.44 (0.33–0.59)	19 [9–38]	0.89 (0.86–0.91)
AFP	10	0.65 (0.55–0.74)	0.88 (0.84–0.91)	5.4 (4.0–7.3)	0.40 (0.30–0.52)	14 [8–23]	0.88 (0.84–0.90)
GP73 + AFP	8	0.85 (0.77–0.90)	0.86 (0.80–0.91)	6.1 (4.3–8.6)	0.18 (0.12–0.26)	34 [22–54]	0.92 (0.89–0.94)
GPC-3 + AFP	7	0.71 (0.61–0.79)	0.91 (0.81–0.95)	7.5 (4.0–14.0)	0.33 (0.25–0.42)	23 [13–40]	0.85 (0.82–0.88)
GP73 + GPC-3 + AFP	12	0.91 (0.87–0.94)	0.84 (0.77–0.89)	5.8 (4.0–8.4)	0.10 (0.07–0.15)	58 [36–92]	0.95 (0.92–0.96)

GP73, Golgi protein 73; GPC-3, Golgi protein glypican-3; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; AUC, the area under the curve; DOR, diagnostic odds ratio; NLR, negative likelihood ratio; PLR, positive likelihood ratio.

Evaluation of clinical utility

The clinical utility of the combination of GP73, GPC3 and AFP was assessed by utilizing likelihood ratios to establish a Fagan nomogram. The Fagan nomogram demonstrated an increase of 35.3% in the post-test probability but a decrease of 40.9% in patients based on 50% pre-test probability (). The combination of GP73, GPC3 and AFP proved to be particularly accurate, with a 65.9% probability of correctly distinguishing between benign and malignant liver lesions after a positive report when the pre-test probability was 25% and a reduction in the probability of disease to as low as 3.2% when a negative test result occurred (). Additionally, diagnosis of patients who had negative results, had a 23.1% post-test probability of being wrong whereas the pre-test probability stood at 75%; however, for patients with a positive test, the probability of correctly diagnosing malignant liver lesions exceeded 90% ().

Figure 4

Fagan nomogram for the combination of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP for diagnosing HCC. (A) Fagan nomogram for the elucidation of pose-test probabilities with a pre-test probability of 25%; (B) Fagan’s nomogram for the elucidation of pose-test probabilities with a pre-test probability of 50%; (C) Fagan nomogram for the elucidation of pose-test probabilities with a pre-test probability of 75%. GP73, Golgi protein 73; GPC-3, Golgi protein glypican-3; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; LR, likelihood; Prob, probability.

Test for heterogeneity

Significant heterogeneity existed among the articles enrolled in this meta-analysis. Spearman’s correlation coefficient, which examined the threshold effect, was 0.501, P=0.097) demonstrated that heterogeneity did not come as a result of the cut-off point. Furthermore, the year of publication, sample size and type of assay were suggested by meta-regression analysis to have not influenced the result of heterogeneity ().

Table 4

Meta-regression analysis of the effects of AFP, GP73, GPC3, GPC3 + AFP, GP73 + AFP and GPC3 + GP73 + AFP on diagnostic accuracy

Variable	Coeff.	Std. Err.	P value	RDOR	95% CI
AFP
Year	–0.370	0.5679	0.5359	0.69	0.18–2.65
Assay type	0.375	0.8449	0.6706	1.45	0.20–10.73
No. of HCC and control	–0.307	0.5815	0.6136	0.74	0.19–2.91
GP73
Year	–0.360	0.8495	0.6825	0.70	0.10–4.95
Assay type	–1.043	1.1361	0.3856	0.35	0.03–4.84
No. of HCC and control	0.793	0.8943	0.4013	2.21	0.28–17.37
GPC3
Year	0.185	1.2937	0.8912	1.20	0.05–28.51
Assay type	–1.198	0.913	0.2374	0.30	0.03–2.82
No. of HCC and control	0.598	1.1207	0.6130	1.82	0.12–28.22
GPC3 + AFP
Year	–0.975	0.3496	0.0494	0.38	0.14–1.00
Assay type	–0.375	0.8218	0.6722	0.69	0.07–6.73
No. of HCC and control	–0.673	0.5654	0.3000	0.51	0.11–2.45
GP73 + AFP
Year	–0.145	0.5795	0.8122	0.86	0.26–3.84
Assay type	1.377	0.7724	0.1347	3.96	0.54–28.86
No. of HCC and control	–0.845	0.3867	0.0806	0.43	0.16–1.16
GPC3 + GP73 + AFP
Year	0.504	0.6542	0.4606	1.66	0.38–7.27
Assay type	1.079	0.9113	0.2667	2.94	0.37–23.12
No. of HCC and control	0.602	0.5149	0.2726	1.83	0.57–5.85

GP73, Golgi protein 73; GPC-3, Golgi protein glypican-3; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein; HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; RDOR, ratio of diagnostic odds ratio.

Publication bias and sensitivity analyses

There was no evidence, based on the result of Deeks’ funnel plot, to suggest any significant publication bias for the joint identification of GP73, GPC3 and AFP (P=0.17, ). For sensitivity analyses, one study per time was omitted to check if individual studies had affected the final result. The results were not materially altered, which indicated that no study had exclusively contributed to the publication bias and that the pooled results were steady ().

Figure 5

The Deeks’ funnel plots to assess potential publication bias in detecting HCC with the combination of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP. HCC, hepatocellular carcinoma; GP73, Golgi protein 73; GPC-3, Golgi protein glypican-3; AFP, alpha-fetoprotein.

Figure 6

Sensitivity analysis plots.

Discussion

Through this meta-analysis, we aimed to carry out a systematic evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of the combination of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP in discriminating HCC patients from non-HCC patients. The findings of this meta-analysis demonstrated that joint detection had a high diagnostic performance in diagnosing HCC and ruling out non-HCC patients, when compared with the performances of GP73, GPC-3, or AFP alone, or in pairs.

Due to the aggressive nature and poor prognosis of HCC, early detection is crucial in improving the survival of patients of the disease. For effective and accurate diagnosis of HCC, histopathological assessment remains the benchmark, despite its invasive nature and although, in comparison, serum markers show high superiority to some extent. Traditionally, ultrasonography and serum AFP remain commonly used methods of detecting early-stage HCC in clinical practice. However, on account of its low sensitivity and specificity, the clinic effectiveness of AFP in the diagnosis of HCC is unsatisfactory. GP73 and GPC-3 have also been put forward as serum markers for HCC in many studies which showed their high discriminatory ability.

In this study, we examined the diagnostic value of the joint detection of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP. To avoid a large number of potentially confusing factors in our comparisons, we limited the included studies to those which measured GP73, GPC3 and AFP in patients with similar characteristics. Tests with high sensitivity and low NLR indicate that patients suspected of having the disease could be screened according to series test. A low NLR value illustrates the capability of the diagnostic methods in excluding non-HCC diseases. According to the pooled sensitivity and NLR, a combination of these three biomarkers showed better diagnostic ability than that of GP73, GPC-3, and AFP alone or in pairs. DOR was used to assess the accuracy, because it is a single measure of diagnostic value which takes into account sensitivity and specificity and LR positive and LR negative. DOR is determined to be the ratio of the odds of positive test results of participants who have a disease to the odds of positive test results of participants who do not have the same disease (26). In this meta-analysis, a combination of these three biomarkers showed the highest DOR, suggesting it was more helpful for the early diagnosis of HCC than either GP73, GPC-3, and AFP alone or in pairs.

The SROC curve along with AUC are vital indexes in the assessment of diagnostic accuracy as part of diagnostic meta-analyses. The AUC ranges from 0 to 1. When the AUC is 0, it illustrates a test lacks accuracy as a method of diagnosis. When the AUC is 1, however, a test that accurately discriminates between all cases and non-cases is confirmed. In the SROC curve analysis of this meta-analysis, the AUC value of a combination of these three biomarkers was 0.95, which indicated that joint detection showed a higher diagnostic accuracy than GP73, GPC-3, and AFP alone or in pairs. Furthermore, the Fagan nomograms also showed that a combination of these three biomarkers could be helpful for early HCC diagnosis.

In this meta-analysis, large heterogeneity was observed and the reasons for heterogeneity were investigated using meta-regression analysis. No remarkable change was observed when any article was removed from the study, which indicated not one individual study had an effect on the heterogeneity. Additionally, no threshold effect was detected from the SROC curve. In addition, the meta-regression method was performed to explore the heterogeneity according to the studies’ characteristics, but no statistical difference was discovered. This meta-analysis also failed to reveal all of the possible causes of heterogeneity seen among the enrolled studies, due to the enrolled studies lacking important elements in their design.

Several limitations in our meta-analysis should be taken into account. First, significant heterogeneity was observed among the included studies. However, there was no statistically significant effect caused by assay type, number of patients or publication year in terms of diagnostic accuracy. Due to the lack of available information on design and patient population, larger sample sizes and multicenter RCTs are required before our results can be confirmed and the heterogeneity further explored. Furthermore, most of the study population in this meta-analysis were Chinese patients with hepatitis B viral infections as the etiology of HCC, which is different from patients in most Western countries, where the etiologies of HCC are mainly hepatitis C virus infection and alcoholic liver disease. Therefore, a cautious approach should be taken towards generalizing our findings and future prospective studies are needed.

Conclusions

Our meta-analysis demonstrated that the diagnostic value of the joint detection of GP73, GPC-3 and AFP was significantly higher than that of GP73, GPC-3, and AFP alone or in pairs. The results of this meta-analysis should be investigated by further studies in order to select high-risk groups and to improve the capacity of early diagnosis of early-stage HCC patients.

The article’s supplementary files as