OBJECTIVE: To clarify the value of the cortical endo-button as an internal fixator in Latarjet procedure through biomechanical analysis. METHODS: Ten pairs of shoulder joints from 6-7 months old male pigs were selected. Each pair was randomly divided into screw group and endo-button group. A 25% glenoid defect model was created, and the porcine infraspinatus tendon and its associated bone were used to simulate conjoint tendon and coracoid process in human body. The bone grafts were fixed with two 3.5 mm screws and double cortical endo-buttons with high-strength sutures in screw group and endo-button group, respectively. The prepared glenoid defect model was fixed on a biomechanical test bench and optical markers were fixed on the glenoid and the bone block, respectively. Then fatigue test was performed to observe whether the graft or internal fixator would failed. During the test, the standard deviations of the relative displacement between the graft and the glenoid of two groups were measured by optical motion measure system for comparison. Finally the maximum failure load comparison was conducted and the maximum failure loads of the two groups were measured and compared. RESULTS: There was no tendon tear, bone fracture, and other graft or internal fixation failure in the two groups during the fatigue test. The standard deviation of the relative displacement of the screw group was (0.007 87±0.001 44) mm, and that of the endo-button group was (0.034 88±0.011 10) mm, showing significant difference between the two groups ( t=7.682, P=0.000). The maximum failure load was (265±39) N in screw group and (275±52) N in endo-button group, showing no significant difference between the two groups ( t=1.386, P=0.199). There were 3 ways of failure: rupture at bone graft's tunnel (6/10 from screw group, 3/10 from endo-button group), tendon tear at the cramp (2/10 from screw group, 2/10 from endo-button group), and tendon tear at the internal fixator interface (2/10 from screw group, 5/10 from endo-button group), showing no significant difference between the two groups ( P=0.395). CONCLUSION: Although the endo-button fixation fails to achieve the same strong fixation stability as the screw fixation, its fixation stability can achieve the clinical requirements. The two fixation methods can provide similar fixation strength when being used in Latarjet procedure.
OBJECTIVE: To clarify the value of the cortical endo-button as an internal fixator in Latarjet procedure through biomechanical analysis. METHODS: Ten pairs of shoulder joints from 6-7 months old male pigs were selected. Each pair was randomly divided into screw group and endo-button group. A 25% glenoid defect model was created, and the porcine infraspinatus tendon and its associated bone were used to simulate conjoint tendon and coracoid process in human body. The bone grafts were fixed with two 3.5 mm screws and double cortical endo-buttons with high-strength sutures in screw group and endo-button group, respectively. The prepared glenoid defect model was fixed on a biomechanical test bench and optical markers were fixed on the glenoid and the bone block, respectively. Then fatigue test was performed to observe whether the graft or internal fixator would failed. During the test, the standard deviations of the relative displacement between the graft and the glenoid of two groups were measured by optical motion measure system for comparison. Finally the maximum failure load comparison was conducted and the maximum failure loads of the two groups were measured and compared. RESULTS: There was no tendon tear, bone fracture, and other graft or internal fixation failure in the two groups during the fatigue test. The standard deviation of the relative displacement of the screw group was (0.007 87±0.001 44) mm, and that of the endo-button group was (0.034 88±0.011 10) mm, showing significant difference between the two groups ( t=7.682, P=0.000). The maximum failure load was (265±39) N in screw group and (275±52) N in endo-button group, showing no significant difference between the two groups ( t=1.386, P=0.199). There were 3 ways of failure: rupture at bone graft's tunnel (6/10 from screw group, 3/10 from endo-button group), tendon tear at the cramp (2/10 from screw group, 2/10 from endo-button group), and tendon tear at the internal fixator interface (2/10 from screw group, 5/10 from endo-button group), showing no significant difference between the two groups ( P=0.395). CONCLUSION: Although the endo-button fixation fails to achieve the same strong fixation stability as the screw fixation, its fixation stability can achieve the clinical requirements. The two fixation methods can provide similar fixation strength when being used in Latarjet procedure.
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