Biting midges of Egypt (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae).

BACKGROUND: This study is one in a series of planned studies on different Egyptian dipteran taxa aiming to catalogue the whole order in Egypt. NEW INFORMATION: All known Egyptian taxa of the family Ceratopogonidae (biting midges) are systematically catalogued. A total number of 64 species belonging to 11 genera, four tribes and four subfamilies has been treated. Data for this study have been compiled from both available literature and specimens collected from different Egyptian localities by the authors. An updated classification, synonymies, type localities, world distributions by biogeographic realm(s) and country, Egyptian localities and dates of collection are provided comprising some new locality records. The study treats all previous inaccuracies in the classification of the family in Egypt. Magdi S. El-Hawagry, Salah El-Din A. El-Azab, Mahmoud S. Abdel-Dayem, Hathal M. Al Dhafer.

Introduction

is an extremely diverse family of small nematocerous flies (usually less than 3 mm) commonly known as biting midges, with some 130 recognised genera and almost 6,300 extant species distributed worldwide (Pape et al. 2011, Borkent 2016). The family includes also numerous fossils from the Lower Cretaceous to the Miocene, with over 280 species representing 49 genera (26 extant and 23 extinct) (Szadziewski 2018).

The females of most ceratopogonid species are blood-suckers of vertebrates, particularly along sea shores, rivers, lakes and mangrove swamps. Members of the genera Latreille and Skuse are the best known to suck the blood of vertebrate animals, including humans, to get protein for egg-laying. is the most important ever, as many species of which are implicated in the spread of pathogens and parasites to man and other animals. However, although members of the genus are not known to be involved in the spread of disease, they are important biting pests as their bites are painful and reactions to them last for several days in sensitive people (Linley and Davies 1971, Downes 1978). Identification of the vector and information on the major vector species are important steps in the epidemiology of vector-borne diseases. This will give a clearer indication of the geographic distribution of the disease or its potential distribution (Rawlings 1996). Some species of the genus Meigen are nectar-feeders and are of great economic importance as pollinators of tropical crop plants (Downes 1978, Wilkening et al. 1985).

Ceratopogonid adults can be distinguished by their wings: wing with hind margin with simple setulae, with eight or fewer longitudinal veins reaching margin, vein M1+2 usually forked, vein R2+3 straight or virtually so (arrowed) not arched and basal medial cross-vein absent (Kirk-Spriggs and Sinclair 2017). The larvae of are slender and nematode-like, without appendages and are usually whitish with occasional thoracic pigment patterns. They are aquatic and swim with a characteristic eel-like motion. The larvae of are semi-aquatic. In contrast, the terrestrial larvae of are found in sandy soil, under rotting bark or in damp moss. The pupae are usually hidden in litter or mud, amongst floating vegetation or, in the case of , under moss or rotting bark. Those of species found on beaches occur in the sand at or near the high-water mark (Boorman 1993).

In Egypt, biting midges constitute a major threat to the tourism industry, especially at recreational beaches and in the resort areas of Southern Sinai, the North Coast and the Red Sea shores (Ghonaim et al. 2001b). This catalogue will hopefully be a base for future studies on monitoring of Egyptian biting midges as well as increasing the knowledge of their geographic range (Rawlings 1996).

Some previous studies have been carried out to study the Egyptian fauna of biting midges, including: Becker (1903), Kieffer (1908), Kieffer (1925c), Macfie (1924), Macfie (1943), Macfie (1944), Nagaty and Morsy (1959a), Nagaty and Morsy (1959b), Nagaty and Morsy (1960a), Nagaty and Morsy (1960b), Morsy (1961), Steyskal and El-Bialy (1967), Abdel-Samei (1974), Eesa (1975), Morsy et al. (1989), Braverman et al. (1981), Ahmed (1991), Ghonaim (1997), Ghonaim et al. (2001a). From our viewpoint, Kieffer (1925c) and Macfie (1943), in particular, were the most comprehensive studies. Kieffer (1925c) collected 22 ceratopogonid species from different localities in the Coastal Strip, Eastern Desert, Lower Nile Valley & Delta and Upper Nile Valley. He collected these species abundantly from the Coastal Strip and Eastern Desert in April and from Lower Nile Valley & Delta and Upper Nile Valley in October and November. On the other hand, Macfie (1943) collected 23 different ceratopogonid species from Moascar, near Ismailia (Eastern Desert). He collected most of these species in the evening on windows in February, as they were fairly numerous, in March and April, as they were abundant, but in May they again became fewer and, by the middle of that month, were scarce or had entirely vanished. Macfie observed that they were particularly abundant after dust storms, as if they had sought shelter in buildings from the hot, dry, dust-laden wind.

Ghonaim et al. (2001b) summarised all previous studies and presented a checklist of all Egyptian ; however, they wrongly listed De Meillon and Hardy, 1954, Edwards, 1922, Carter, Ingram & Macfie, 1920 and Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1921 as recorded from Egypt by Macfie (1943). In fact, Macfie (1943) did not record any of these species from Egypt and this confusion might result from a misconception of the application of the term variety used by Macfie or a misinterpretation of some of his discussions. In addition, the list of Ghonaim et al. (2001b) included an inaccuracy for the application of the term Nomen dubium for the species Kieffer, Edwards, Macfie, Macfie and Carter, Ingram and Macfie.

In the present study, a total of 64 species belonging to 11 genera, four tribes and four subfamilies has been catalogued (Table 1) and all previous inaccuracies are treated.

Table 1.

Taxa treated in the catalogue.

Subfamily	Tribes	Genera	Species
Leptoconopinae	—	1	3
Forcipomyiinae	—	2	13
Dasyheleinae	—	1	10
Ceratopogoninae	4	7	38
Total	4	11	64

This study is one in a series of planned studies on different Egyptian dipteran taxa aiming to catalogue the whole order in Egypt (EL-Hawagry 2015, El-Hawagry 2017, El-Hawagry 2018, El-Hawagry et al. 2018, El-Hawagry and El-Azab 2019, El-Hawagry et al. 2019, El-Hawagry and Gilbert 2019).

Materials and methods

Data sources. The present catalogue is based mainly on data obtained from previous studies on the Egyptian (all treated species have been recorded in previous studies), in addition to specimens collected by the author and his co-workers from different Egyptian localities using light traps (only 8 species: Ingram and Macfie, (Becker), (Kieffer), (Meigen), Kieffer, Austen, (Becker) and (Enderlein)). A great deal of information, including synonymies (particularly Old World synonyms) and distributional data has been obtained from relevant literature and website databases as well. These sources are listed in the following subsections.

Study area. Egypt, the study area, is a part of the Great Desert Belt, it is characterised by a warm and almost rainless climate and it is one of the driest countries in the world (FAO 2012, Nasser et al. 2019). It is divided into eight ecological zones: the Coastal Strip, Lower Nile Valley & Delta, Upper Nile Valley, Fayoum, Eastern Desert, Western Desert, Sinai and Gebel Elba (Fig. 1). The fauna of all but one of these zones is mostly affiliated to the Palaearctic Region, but that of Gebel Elba, the south-eastern triangle of Egypt, has a greater affiliation to the Afrotropical Region (El-Hawagry and Gilbert 2014, El-Hawagry et al. 2020).

Figure 1.

Map of Egypt showing the ecological zones

Classification and arrangement of taxa. The current classification and arrangement of taxa of the family basically follows that used in the world catalogues (Borkent 2016, Borkent and Wirth 1997), in which the family is divided into four subfamilies: , , and . The is the largest Egyptian subfamily, including four tribes in Egypt, namely , , and .

World distribution. Data on world distribution are mainly according to Remm (1988), Systema Dipterorum (http://sd.zoobank.org), Filatov and Szadziewski (2017), Dominiak and Szadziewski (2010), Alwin-Kownacka et al. (2016) and Alwin-Kownacka et al. (2017).

Local distribution (Egyptian localities) and dates of collection. The distributional data and dates of collection that are known so far in the different ecological zones of Egypt are given. Localities within each ecological zone are arranged alphabetically and written after a colon following the ecological zone, for example, "Lower Nile Valley & Delta: EI-Qanatir, EI-Mansoura, Marsafa ".

The basic sources for this part of the catalogue are data from some specimens collected from different Egyptian localities by the authors, in addition to literature records from previous studies on the Egyptian fauna of biting midges, including: Becker (1903), Kieffer (1908), Kieffer (1925c), Macfie (1924), Macfie (1943), Macfie (1944), Nagaty and Morsy (1959a), Nagaty and Morsy (1959b), Nagaty and Morsy (1960a), Nagaty and Morsy (1960b), Morsy (1961), Steyskal and El-Bialy (1967), Abdel-Samei (1974), Eesa (1975), Morsy et al. (1989), Braverman et al. (1981), Ahmed (1991), Ghonaim (1997), Ghonaim et al. (2001a). If the Egyptian localities or dates of collection of adult were not known, the term “Unknown” is used.

Abbreviations used:

AF, Afrotropical

AU, Australasian

ICZN, The International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature

Is., Islands

N., North

NE, Nearctic

NT, Neotropical

OR, Oriental

PA, Palaearctic

S., South

St., Saint

USA, United States of America

var., variety

Checklists

Catalogue of the of Egypt

1020E87A-A5E9-54C1-BE3D-1AAAE6F28ABA

Skuse, 1889

1E6BB6AB-AE03-50F8-9B45-F932B22A53E6

https://www.gbif.org/species/1633120

Noè, 1905 [

Kieffer, 1921 [

Townsend, 1893 [

Kieffer, 1918 [

Kieffer, 1918

6F07BE06-E249-5479-861D-FD3B5F26C245

Kieffer, 1921 [

Kieffer, 1908

DDB48363-3CB5-5734-BBCB-97FF2DA6C282

Kieffer, 1908 [

Distribution

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Gebel Maryiam, Moaskar). Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Cairo. Sinai: Bir El-Abd. Western Desert: Saqqara, Wadi El-Natroun.

Dates of collection in Egypt: December to July.

Clastrier, 1975

91796C1D-FE3B-5BD8-9FC9-54CD87968C83

Clastrier, 1975 [

AF: Sudan, Yemen (Kamaran Is.). PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Gebel Maryiam, Moaskar). Sinai: Bir El-Abd.

Dates of collection in Egypt: January to April.

(Kieffer, 1921)

B2197B89-20B5-5F29-9E3C-E536ED538F1D

Kieffer, 1921 [

PA: ?Egypt, Tunisia.

Local distribution in Egypt: Unknown.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

Notes

?- This species was listed as recorded from Egypt by Steyskal & El-Bialy (1967), but no specimens or published records have been found

97D87AD0-D3D2-5216-BD44-47F51EADC3B3

Kieffer, 1906

08337CB5-1D63-5A11-980E-E26C8AB5E008

https://www.gbif.org/species/1636637

Kieffer, 1913 [

Kieffer, 1921 [

Edwards, 1929 [

Cordero, 1929 [

Enderlein, 1936 [

Wirth, 1956 [

Remm, 1979 [

Remm, 1979 [

Yu, 2001 [

Yu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Hao, Yan and Zhao, 2005 [

Macfie, 1924

750559C5-A521-5D8A-ADBD-AA7C22C23F18

Macfie, 1924 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Cairo.

Dates of collection in Egypt: December.

(Becker, 1903)

086C69B5-3C61-503F-9E7C-D6F123FA3F42

Becker, 1903 [

: Szadziewski, 1984 [

PA: Egypt, Spain.

Local distribution in Egypt: Upper Nile Valley: Luxor.

Dates of collection in Egypt: December.

Ingram and Macfie, 1921

8E74F7F5-F929-5A8B-BE92-6E26751EFF8A

Ingram & Macfie, 1921 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: recordNumber: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; disposition: personalcollection of El-Hawagry; Taxon: scientificName: ; kingdom: ; phylum: ; class: ; order: ; family: ; Location: continent: Africa; country: Egypt; stateProvince: Giza; locality: El-Hager; Event: samplingProtocol: light trap; eventDate: 15 Aug 1996

AF: Ghana. PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Ayiat, El-Hager (Mansheyet El-Qanatir), El-Qanatir, El-Badrasheen, Maadi. Upper Nile Valley: Assiout, Asswan, Beni Hassan, Dendera, Girga.

Dates of collection in Egypt: August to December.

Kieffer, 1925

586E097B-0BFB-5F17-93F7-BBBFBC896DC9

Kieffer, 1925 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Maadi (at border of the Nile).

Dates of collection in Egypt: October.

Alwin-Kownacka et al. (2016) treated this species as a nomen dubium because it is poorly described and types most probably not preserved.

(Becker, 1903)

EB90C672-44E2-522A-A8C6-4A61E51851D0

Becker, 1903 [

Becker, 1908 [

: Macfie 1924 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

de Meillon, 1943 [

Boorman & van Harten, 2002 [

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; disposition: personal collection of El-Hawagry; Taxon: scientificName: ; kingdom: ; phylum: ; class: ; order: ; family: ; Location: continent: Africa; country: Egypt; stateProvince: Giza; locality: El-Hager; Event: eventDate: 15 Aug 1996

AF: South Africa, Sudan, Yemen. PA: Algeria, Canary Islands, Egypt, Israel, Spain.

Local distribution in Egypt: Fayoum: Shakshook. Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Cairo, El-Hager (Mansheyet El-Qanatir), Maadi (at border of the Nile). Upper Nile Valley: Asswan, Beni Hassan, Dendera, Edfu, Girga, Luxor. El Sammaneen (Luxor). Western Desert: El-Bustan.

Dates of collection in Egypt: August to December.

Kieffer, 1925

05B66C9C-5BAE-5214-9794-F876ADA118AB

Kieffer, 1925 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Maadi.

Dates of collection in Egypt: October.

Alwin-Kownacka et al. (2016) treated this species as a nomen dubium because it is poorly described and types most probably not preserved

Meigen, 1818

F47B53EC-96F7-58E4-86A8-636AEC76524C

https://www.gbif.org/species/1633624

Stephens, 1829 [

Philippi, 1865 [

Kieffer, 1911 [

Brèthes, 1914

94D149D7-B930-5685-B85F-9BADADBB42D2

Malloch, 1915 [

Enderlein, 1936 [

Saunders, 1957 [

(Kieffer, 1911)

28BDA2C6-AEAB-5C46-9238-5F3E1810499F

Kieffer, 1911 [

Kieffer, 1911 [

Kieffer, 1911 [

Kieffer, 1911 [

Kieffer, 1914 [

Santos Abreu, 1918 [

Carter, 1919 [

Macfie, 1924 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

Goetghebuer, 1933 [

Goetghebuer, 1933 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Goetghebuer, 1948 [

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 2; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; disposition: personal collection of El-Hawagry; Taxon: scientificName: ; kingdom: ; phylum: ; class: ; order: ; family: ; Location: continent: Africa; country: Egypt; stateProvince: Asswan; locality: Asswan; Event: samplingProtocol: light trap; eventDate: 17 Dec 1998

AF: Widely distributed. PA: Algeria, Andorra, Azores, Bahrain, Canary Is., Egypt, Israel, Spain.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moaskar). Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Ayiat, El-Qanatir, Maadi. Upper Nile Valley: Asswan, Benni Hassan. Western Desert: El-Bustan.

Dates of collection in Egypt: August to December.

Meigen, 1818 —Nominotypical subgenus

AA4BCF57-5C54-528F-A1F3-DA62CB8731FA

Ingram and Macfie, 1924

AE8504F0-084B-5813-B0E8-60146BD36722

Ingram & Macfie, 1924 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Goetghebuer, 1948 [

Clastrier, 1959 [

AF: Widespread. PA: Canary Islands, Egypt, Israel.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moaskar). Fayoum: Shakshook. Lower Nile Valley & Delta: El-Badrasheen, El-Qanatir. Upper Nile Valley: Asswan, Sohag (El-Shewash).

Dates of collection in Egypt: September to February.

(Kieffer, 1925)

892FF8D5-9F37-554D-A535-FFC0DEE5CC81

Kieffer, 1925 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Maadi. Upper Nile Valley: Sohag (El-Shewash).

Dates of collection in Egypt: September and October.

Alwin-Kownacka et al. (2016) treated this species as a nomen dubium because it is poorly described and types most probably not preserved.

Kieffer, 1925

4B6F2086-4401-580F-88D7-063F71EC048B

Kieffer, 1925 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Maadi (at border of the Nile).

Dates of collection in Egypt: July.

Alwin-Kownacka et al. (2016) treated this species as a nomen dubium because it is poorly described and types most probably not preserved

Kieffer, 1917

BA356BF2-3926-5928-8374-11B1E99BD166

Santos Abreu, 1918

BB19C862-3439-5456-894E-AF7F15B95AF0

Santos Abreu, 1918 [

Kieffer, 1921 [

Kieffer, 1922 [

Ingram and Macfie, 1924 [

Goetghebuer, 1933 [

Ghonaim, Ibrahim and Ali, 2001 [

AF: Widely distributed. AU: Hawaii. NE: USA. OR: Widely distributed. PA: Canary Islands, Egypt, Israel, Japan, Lebanon, Saudi Arabia.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: El-Badrasheen, El-Qanatir, Marsafa. Upper Nile Valley: Asswan, Luxor (El-Sammaneen), Sohag (El-Shewash).

Dates of collection in Egypt: September to April.

Kieffer, 1917

90BC5950-DAA2-5554-BAB9-E6D69BF47423

Mayer, 1937 [

(Meigen, 1818)

B46B4920-F5A0-5FB4-806E-79902AB86DEE

Meigen, 1818 [

Zetterstedt, 1850 [

Karsch, 1886 [

de Meijere, 1907 [

Lundström, 1910 [

Austen, 1912 [

Santos Abreu, 1918 [

Kieffer, 1919 [

Goetghebuer, 1920 [

Macfie, 1924 [

Ingram and Macfie, 1924 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Tokunaga, 1940 [

Tokunaga, 1941 [

Harant and Baur, 1946 [

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; disposition: personal collection of El-Hawagry; Taxon: scientificName: ; kingdom: ; phylum: ; class: ; order: ; family: ; Location: continent: Africa; country: Egypt; stateProvince: Giza; locality: Cairo University; Event: samplingProtocol: light trap; eventTime: 15 Jan 1996

AF: Widely distributed in AF, NE, NEO, OR and PA.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: El-Badrasheen, Giza. Upper Nile. Valley: Assiout. Western Desert: El-Bustan.

Dates of collection in Egypt: December & April.

Saunders, 1957

4D2BAF1C-B7B7-5E01-A56A-76510C105756

(Winnertz, 1852)

387ABAA8-C0A9-5DB0-B070-9B6C4FB7918C

Winnertz, 1852 [

Santos Abreu, 1918 [

Kieffer, 1919 [

Kieffer, 1923 [

Kieffer, 1924 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

Tokunaga, 1940 [

Macfie, 1943 [

Goetghebuer, 1950 [

Wirth, 1973: 356 [

Remm, 1980 [

Widespread in AF, PA and NE.

Local distribution in Egypt: Coastal Strip: Alexandria (Sidi Gaber). Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar), Suez (Guyot Garden). Lower Nile Valley & Delta: El-Qanatir, Maadi. Upper Nile Valley: Asswan.

Dates of collection in Egypt: August to April.

7CE45B07-888C-52E2-A237-BFDD1DC43DCC

Kieffer, 1911

58AA145A-DC1E-504D-911C-B5531F660794

https://www.gbif.org/species/1635616

Kieffer, 1913 [

Malloch, 1915 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

Enderlein, 1936 [

Remm, 1979 [

Yu, Liu, Liu, Liu, Hao, Yan and Zhao, 2005 [

Macfie, 1943

04873C7B-CC68-5C87-B3F0-D703055D9D7D

Macfie, 1943 [

PA: Algeria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Egypt, Israel, Poland, Romania, Spain, Switzerland, Ukraine.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar). Upper Nile Valley: Asswan.

Dates of collection in Egypt: November to March.

Kieffer, 1925

576DC570-10F5-5AFD-8FAA-CC2A6F64BCDB

Kieffer, 1925 [

PA: Algeria, Egypt, Spain.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Pyramids.

Dates of collection in Egypt: April.

Kieffer, 1922

EE2767A3-1594-5001-85C7-E185735663BA

Kieffer, 1922 [

Kieffer, 1922b: 510. Type locality: Algeria.

Kieffer, 1922b: 510 (as variety of

PA: Algeria, Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Coastal Strip: Alexandria (sea shore). Eastern Desert: Suez (Guyot Gardens), Wadis near Helwan. Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Maadi.

Dates of collection in Egypt: April and October.

Macfie, 1943

1968A345-409C-5721-A429-99BAB506FC8E

Macfie, 1943 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar), Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Maadi.

Dates of collection in Egypt: February to November.

Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1921

D5AAEB6D-7777-5B1E-8662-34C13EAD6AD9

Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1921 [

AF: Ghana, Madagascar, Mozambique, South Africa. AF: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar).

Dates of collection in Egypt: March and April.

Macfie, 1943

910E4CD3-794C-542E-80B6-02F4BB2C97D1

Macfie, 1943 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Nifisha).

Dates of collection in Egypt: July.

Macfie, 1943

E84B2573-8FDD-50EA-B0FC-7ED5AE82E0F5

Macfie, 1943 [

AF: South Africa. PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar).

Dates of collection in Egypt: February and March.

Kieffer, 1925

1EA05EF7-C8D3-5864-83C5-FE528BC2FDC4

Kieffer, 1925 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Maadi.

Dates of collection in Egypt: October.

(Winnertz, 1852)

1044D28C-0173-56C0-9DF2-7AED5AD1666B

Winnertz, 1852 [

Winnertz, 1852 [

s Kieffer, 1913 [

Kieffer, 1918 [

Kieffer, 1919 [

Goetghebuer, 1920 [

Kieffer, 1923 [

Macfie, 1943 [

Tokunaga, 1963 [

AF: Yemen. PA: Afghanistan, Algeria, Andorra, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canary Is., China, Czech Republic, Egypt, Estonia, France, Georgia, Germany, Great Britain, Hungary, Iran, Japan, Lithuania, The Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar). Lower Nile Valley & Delta: EI-Qanatir, EI-Mansoura, Marsafa. Western Desert: EI-Bustan (Beheira).

Dates of collection in Egypt: February, April, August and November.

Ingram and Macfie, 1925

1BB3D77E-7C7B-5147-8196-FF2DC1304321

Ingram and Macfie, 1925 [

AF: Malawi, Uganda. PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar). Western Desert: EI-Bustan (Beheira).

Dates of collection in Egypt: February.

34F55A0C-5BE7-5A56-B575-FF830837DE09

29D023E0-662B-5252-8BD8-0517A3D7D4F5

Latreille, 1809

3341A8B7-1FC6-5C9A-B16D-E3F23C3F6203

https://www.gbif.org/species/9951338

Rafinesque, 1815 [

Poey, 1853 [

Philippi, 1865 [

Goeldi, 1905 [

Brèthes, 1912 [

Kieffer, 1921 [

Kieffer, 1921 [

Macfie, 1925 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

Fox, 1948 [

Vargas, 1953 [

Khalaf, 1954 [

Khalaf, 1954 [

Fox, 1955 [

Fox, 1955 [

Wirth and Hubert, 1959 [

Vargas, 1960 [

Vargas, 1960 [

Vargas, 1960 [

Vargas, 1960 [

Vargas, 1960 [

Wirth and Hubert, 1961 [

Remm, 1968 [

Vargas and Kremer, 1972 [

Vargas, 1973 [

Shevchenko, 1977 [

Glukhova, 1977 [

Glukhova, 1977 [

Boorman and Lane, 1979 [

Lee, 1982 [

Chu, 1983 [

Chu, 1983 [

Glukhova, 1989 [

Mirzaeva and Isaev, 1990 [

Dyce and Meiswinkel, 1995 [

Liu, 2005 [

Bellis and Dyce, 2011 [

Choufani and Nel, 2013 [

Dzhafarov, 1962

C6AFA876-342C-5A6F-B808-1601C7B4B299

Dzhafarov, 1962 [

AF: Senegal. PA: Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Cyprus, Egypt, Iran, Israel, Morocco, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: El-Tour, Marsa Abu Zabad, Wadi Ba'aba'a (S. Sinai).

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

Ingram and Macfie, 1923

19470182-FFF3-5FE6-8106-D7C10895A7B8

Ingram and Macfie, 1923 [

AF: Cameroon, Kenya, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Zimbabwe. PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: EI-Hamra, EI-Qanatir. Upper Nile Valley: Luxor. Western Desert: Baharriya Oasis (EI-Hara), Wadi El-Natroun.

Dates of collection in Egypt: August to December.

Kremer, Delécolle, Bailly-Choumara and Chaker, 1979

88EA3CA0-169F-56E1-8AD6-DDA7B7822013

Kremer, Delécolle and Bailly-Choumara and Chaker, 1979 [

PA: Egypt, Israel, Morocco.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: El-Tour (Wadi Dissa), Hammam Moussa.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

Clastrier, 1957

259EE0A3-0EB7-52B6-98EF-7232FC60D542

Clastrier, 1957 [

PA: Algeria, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Iraq, Iran, Israel, Italy, former Yugoslavia, Morocco, Russia, Turkmenistan, Ukraine.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: El-Arish.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

Kremer, Delécolle and Braverman, 1991

0E877CEA-3FBE-5188-BE50-033AC3E575D3

Kremer, Delécolle and Braverman, 1991 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: St. Catherine (S. Sinai).

Dates of collection in Egypt: June.

Kieffer, 1918

70C472BA-793B-5832-B5D5-73F341B733E9

Kieffer, 1918 [

Kieffer, 1918 [

Goetghebuer, 1921 [

Kieffer, 1924 [

Kieffer, 1924 [

Kieffer, 1924 [

Vimmer, 1932 [

Vimmer, 1932 [

Vimmer, 1932 [

Zilahi-Sebess, 1934 [

Dzhafarov, 1964 [

Lien, Weng and Lin, 1996 [

Xue, Liu and Yu, 2003 [

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; disposition: personal collection of El-Hawagry; Taxon: scientificName: ; kingdom: ; phylum: ; class: ; order: ; family: ; Location: continent: Africa; country: Egypt; stateProvince: Giza; locality: El-Hager; Event: samplingProtocol: light trap; eventDate: 15 Aug 1996

OR & PA: Widespread in Asia and Europe, Egypt, Tunisia.

Local distribution in Egypt: Coastal Strip: Abis. Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar). Fayoum: EI-Siliyin, Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Abbassiya (Cairo), Abu-Rawash, Aga, El-Hager (Mansheyet El-Qanater), EI-Qanatir, Mit Yaish (Mit Ghamr), Nawasa El-Gheit. Upper Nile Valley: Assiout (Biblaw), Minya. Western Desert: Abis, El-Bustan.

Dates of collection in Egypt: March to November.

Austen, 1912

11C04EFE-2A1E-5B85-A128-8C46FE0B3774

Austen, 1912 [

Goetghebuer, 1935 [

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: female; lifeStage: adult; disposition: personal collection of El-Hawagry; Taxon: scientificName: ; kingdom: ; phylum: ; class: ; order: ; family: ; Location: continent: Africa; country: Egypt; stateProvince: El-Dakahlyia; locality: El-Mansoura; Event: samplingProtocol: light trap; eventDate: 17 Nov 199

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; disposition: personal collection of El-Hawagry; Taxon: scientificName: ; kingdom: ; phylum: ; class: ; order: ; family: ; Location: continent: Africa; country: Egypt; stateProvince: El-Dakahlyia; locality: El-Mansoura; Event: samplingProtocol: light trap; eventDate: 17 Nov 199

AF: Widespread. PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia. Fayoum: EI-Siliyin. Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Abbassiya, Abu-Rawash, Ashmoun, Ayiat, Bulaq El-Dakrour, Cairo, El-Khanka, El-Mansoura, EI-Qanatir, Etay El-Baroud, Kafr Hamza, Kafr Tarkhan, Maadi, Mit Yaish (Mit Ghamr), Shatanuf. Upper Nile Valley: Assiout. Western Desert: El-Bustan, Itay El-Baroud.

Dates of collection in Egypt: May to December.

Dzhafarov, 1958

AD3E816E-2673-59AB-A802-94764EA0D77D

Dzhafarov, 1958 [

PA: Armenia, Azerbaijan Egypt, Georgia, Iran, Israel, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: Wadi Ba’aba’a.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

Braverman, Delécolle and Kremer, 1983

A8C5D5F2-EEAC-52A2-A608-233B61F86FC5

Braverman, Delécole and Krémer, 1983 [

PA: Egypt, Israel.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: Qadesh Barnea (El-Arish).

Dates of collection in Egypt: November.

Kieffer, 1913

E4F8C17A-CB94-53B7-B19C-27063ADF220A

Kieffer, 1913 [

Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1920 [

Khalaf, 1957 [

Sen and Das Gupta, 1959 [

Das Gupta, 1962 [

AF: Widespread. OR: India, Laos, Sri Lanka, Thailand, Vietnam. PA: Algeria, Cyprus, France, the Near and Middle East, Morocco, Portugal, Spain.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar), Suez. Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Giza, Bulaq El-Dakrour.

Dates of collection in Egypt: February to May.

Callot and Kremer, 1969

466B11B2-9432-58CA-97DE-04500C935BF9

Callot and Krémer, 1969 [

PA: Algeria, Corsica, Egypt, Israel, Morocco, Tunisia, Portugal, Spain, Turkey.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: Ga’al.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

Austen, 1912

655DB69B-B404-5662-B3E0-A9C0229E8EA1

Austen, 1912 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

AF: Sudan. PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar). Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Maadi. Sinai: Bir El-Abd.

Dates of collection in Egypt: February to April and August to November.

Kieffer, 1921

14703D02-323D-56E4-9262-5A8385C2519D

Kieffer, 1921 [

PA: Egypt, Iran, Israel, Tunisia.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: Bir El-Abd, El-Tour, Hammam Moussa.

Dates of collection in Egypt: July.

Kieffer, 1911

67AB3436-6CD8-5001-BCA6-6A5652C75AB7

Kieffer, 1911 [

Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1920 [

Macfie, 1924 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

AF: Widespread. PA: Cyprus, Egypt, Israel.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar). Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Maadi. Upper Nile Valley: Assiout, Minya. Western Desert: Wadi El-Natroun.

Dates of collection in Egypt: October to April.

Callot, Kremer and Basset, 1968

BD87F2CB-0362-5B5B-9303-BB59E292BC89

Callot, Krémer and Basset, 1968 [

PA: Algeria, Egypt, Morocco, Spain, Tunisia.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: Khirba.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

Kieffer, 1924

D501C17D-22FB-571A-92FC-80EB6F50A8E6

Kieffer, 1924 [

Dzhafarov, 1962 [

PA: Europe (Widespread), Middle East and North Africa.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: Bir El-Abd, Salmana, Ga’al, Khirba.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

Navai, 1973

1CF4A07F-CAD3-5895-A758-1DE2E83E9C0F

Naval, 1973 [

PA: Egypt, Iran, Israel.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: Mersa Abu Zabad.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

Lane, 1983

C766E1C5-4AFE-5665-8EA0-E45E9646CF72

Lane, 1983 [

PA: Egypt, Saudi Arabia.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: Khirba.

Dates of collection in Egypt: April.

Austen, 1912

24E90EFA-06D5-58E5-9535-765E7E39B558

Austen, 1912 [

Ecological interactions

Native status

Doubtful record.

AF: Angola, Cameroon, Congo, Ethiopia, Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Nigeria, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda, Upper Volta, Zaire, Zimbabwe. PA: ?Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: ?Eastern Desert: ?Ismailia.

?- This Afrotropical species was listed as recorded from Egypt by Morsy et al. (1989), but no specimens have been found to ensure this record. It must be considered very doubtful as an Egyptian species.

Austen, 1921

0A2554B8-9EBD-59DF-9131-0A245D33CC41

Austen, 1921 [

Kieffer, 1924 [

Kieffer, 1924 [

Goetghebuer, 1933 [

Goetghebuer, 1933 [

PA: Algeria, Egypt, Europe (distributed through much of Europe), Iran, Iraq, Israel, Morocco.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: Sheikh Zowaiid (N. Sinai). Western Desert: El-Bustan.

Dates of collection in Egypt: February and March.

Kieffer, 1925

4124DD5F-6660-5810-9557-30FAE39748D4

Kieffer, 1925 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Suez (Guyot Garden).

Dates of collection in Egypt: April.

(Linnaeus, 1758)

C1CD0705-BCDF-5E0D-8687-4E6BE7DF6167

Linnaeus, 1758 [

Kieffer, 1913 [

Kieffer, 1915 [

Carter, 1916 [

Kieffer, 1919 [

Goetghebuer, 1921 [

Kieffer, 1924 [

Kono and Takahasi, 1940 [

PA: Widespread.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar). Sinai: Bir El-Abd.

Dates of collection in Egypt: March to July.

(Becker, 1903)

2420AE0B-4C1A-5268-BA4D-ACD5982DD5B8

Becker, 1903 [

Strobl, 1900 [

Kieffer, 1918 [

Kieffer, 1922 [

Kieffer, 1922 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

Vimmer, 1932 [

Vimmer, 1932 [

Vimmer, 1932 [

Vimmer, 1932 [

Vimmer, 1932 [

Vimmer, 1932 [

Vimmer, 1932 [

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; disposition: personal collection of El-Hawagry; Taxon: scientificName: ; kingdom: ; phylum: ; class: ; order: ; family: ; Location: continent: Africa; country: Egypt; stateProvince: El-Dakahlyia; locality: Sallent, El-Mansoura; Event: samplingProtocol: light trap; eventDate: 17 Nov 1997

PA: Balearic Is., Belgium, British Is., Corsica, Cyprus, Dodecanese Is., France, Hungary, Italy, Middle East, North Africa, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine.

Local distribution in Egypt: Coastal Strip: Alexandria, Burg El-Arab, Burg Rashid. Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Fayed, Nifisha & Moascar), Suez. Fayoum: Sinnuris. Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Abbassiya, Abu-Rawash, Aga, Bulaq El-Dakrour, Cairo, Desouk, El-Basatin, EI-Mansoura, Giza, Maadi, Mit Yaish (Mit Ghamr). Upper Nile Valley: Dairout, Minya. Western Desert: Abis, Itay El-Baroud.

Dates of collection in Egypt: March to November.

Kieffer, 1914

802A84DD-3E11-546A-8C1B-7216D07E8769

Kieffer, 1914 [

Kieffer, 1921 [

Kieffer, 1924 [

Root and Hoffman, 1937 [

NE: from Alaska to Manitoba, south to British Columbia, Wyoming and Nebraska. PA: China, Egypt, Europe (widespread), Iran, Japan, Mongolia, Morocco.

Local distribution in Egypt: Coastal Strip: Roseta. Fayoum: El-Siliyin Lower Nile valley & Delta: Abu-Rawash. Upper Nile Valley: Asswan (Botanical Garden, High Dam), Minya. Western Desert: Wadi El-Natroun.

Dates of collection in Egypt: throughout the year.

Kieffer, 1923

981F1013-F2CB-5111-B7DE-357B81AEEE63

Kieffer, 1923 [

Khalaf, 1957 [

Callot, Kremer and Bailly-Choumara, 1970 [

PA: Algeria, Cyprus, Italy, Portuguese, Sicily, Spain, Middle East, Turkey.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: Bir El-Abd, Bir Lahfan.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

(Enderlein, 1908)

6E6A5622-D429-5397-BB58-305A6552B288

Enderlein, 1908 [

Goetghebuer, 1948 [

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: male; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: ; kingdom: ; phylum: ; class: ; order: ; family: ; Location: continent: Africa; country: Egypt; stateProvince: El-Behaira; locality: Wadi El-Natrou; Event: samplingProtocol: light trap; eventDate: 3 May 1993

Type status: Other material. Occurrence: individualCount: 1; sex: fmale; lifeStage: adult; Taxon: scientificName: ; kingdom: ; phylum: ; class: ; order: ; family: ; Location: continent: Africa; country: Egypt; stateProvince: El-Dakahlyia; locality: Sellent, El-Mansoura; Event: samplingProtocol: light trap; eventDate: 17 Nov 199

AF: Widespread. AU: New Ginea. OR: Indonesia. PA: China, Cyprus, Japan, Korea, Middle East, North Africa, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Local distribution in Egypt: widely distributed.

Dates of collection in Egypt: throughout the year.

Dzhafarov, 1958

81A9AF8A-5346-531A-AE9D-A5957625927A

Dzhafarov, 1958 [

Dzhafarov, 1959 [

PA: Algeria, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, China, France, Greece, Italy, Kyrgyzstan, Middle East, Morocco, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, former Yugoslavia.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: Wadi Sa’al.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

(Kieffer, 1921)

8B34BA36-7EC3-5578-A2C5-E19BD4E6D87D

Kieffer, 1921 [

Kieffer, 1923 [

Khalaf, 1957 [

Gutsevich, 1959 [

PA: Algeria, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: El-Tour, Wadi Ba’aba’a.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1920

94E2F09A-79DF-58DE-8EE3-61524856C5A3

Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1920 [

AF: Widespread. OR: India, Laos, Malaysia, Thailand. PA: Middle East, Morocco.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar). Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Kafr El-Zaiyat, Shatanouf.

Dates of collection in Egypt: February to July.

(Meigen, 1818)

F3126526-AC95-5F8D-A828-60C1B464E5D4

Meigen, 1818 [

Goetghebuer, 1910 [

Carter, 1916 [

Goetghebuer, 1920 [

Callot, Kremer and Deduit, 1962 [

NE: Canada. PA: Egypt, Europe (widespread).

Local distribution in Egypt: Unknown.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

This species was listed as recorded from Egypt by Steyskal & El-Bialy (1967), but no other published records or specimens have been found.

Austen, 1921

E45B2F94-0F75-54C0-AD70-B9FDA7DD8DFD

Austen, 1921 [

PA: Egypt, Israel.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia (Moascar). Sinai: Bir El-Abd.

Dates of collection in Egypt: April to July.

38B076CC-F367-592B-9AA3-E5B71F593ADE

Kieffer, 1913

870ED8DF-5A26-5135-B199-5767BD1D7759

https://www.gbif.org/species/1632585

Malloch, 1915 [

Carter, Ingram and Macfie, 1921 [

Ingram and Macfie, 1922 [

Garrett, 1925 [

(Ingram and Macfie, 1922)

6A0B3C90-B607-517D-9445-C36CC2A1E40F

Ingram and Macfie, 1922 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

AF: Widespread. PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Ismailia. Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Ayiat, Maadi. Upper Nile Valley: Beni Hassan.

Dates of collection in Egypt: October to March.

Meigen, 1818

E2C538A0-3DD0-5E06-9A3E-C10473053D13

https://www.gbif.org/species/1633463

Stephens, 1829 [

Bigot, 1857 [

Kieffer, 1899 [

Williston, 1907 [

Strand, 1928 [

Delécolle and Braverman, 1987

9FFDE3DC-0939-55C1-B646-094B092C6166

Delécole and Braverman, 1987 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Sinai: E-Shira el Gharkana, Marsa Abu Zabad, Ras Muhammad.

Dates of collection in Egypt: Unknown.

0B2515B6-69AD-515A-A103-28CA56FBB966

Malloch, 1915

1788A4B1-CD34-5A1B-AC38-00F5CFB2864E

https://www.gbif.org/species/1630921

Kieffer, 1917 [

(Becker, 1903)

E9F3A6F5-B7C6-5E48-81AC-36BEA4317F88

Becker, 1903 [Becker 1903: 72]. Type locality: Egypt.

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Cairo. Upper Nile Valley: Luxor.

Dates of collection in Egypt: November and December.

Meigen, 1818

7A0EBF7C-B72A-550A-9E01-813CF5246740

Becker, 1903 [

Kieffer, 1913 [

(Becker, 1903)

4959AA15-4451-5A02-95F5-10B7EDDCF67C

Becker, 1903 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Cairo. Upper Nile Valley: Sohag (EI-Shewash).

Dates of collection in Egypt: September to November.

Kieffer, 1921

B1B25C1F-2555-5DF1-BA31-43BB95980DCD

https://www.gbif.org/species/1630740

Kieffer, 1923 [

Kieffer, 1923 [

Zilahi-Sebess, 1940 [

(Kieffer, 1925)

AD2582EC-92C6-593D-A702-98FC52B01052

Kieffer, 1925 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Maadi.

Dates of collection in Egypt: October.

3A55870C-BC3A-5CC9-BA65-36B9D4C332DE

Kieffer, 1899

382ED726-68D2-5909-91C4-A9AF7B702954

https://www.gbif.org/species/1637599

Malloch, 1915 [

Kieffer, 1917 [

Kieffer, 1925 [

Macfie, 1932 [

Remm, 1974 [

Remm, 1974 [

Dow and Turner, 1976 [

Kieffer, 1925

09C6BC41-4DD1-5AF6-8C4E-85E9411C0DFA

Kieffer, 1925 [

PA: Egypt.

Local distribution in Egypt: Eastern Desert: Suez.

Dates of collection in Egypt: September.

(Meigen, 1818)

35BB09E0-4769-5ADB-B5F5-4AB51D6CAC07

Meigen, 1818 [

Strobl, 1900 [

Kieffer, 1919 [

Kieffer, 1919 [

Macfie, 1944 [

AF: Gambia, Nigeria, South Africa, United Arab Emirates, Yemen. PA: Afghanistan, Algeria, Egypt, Europe (widespread), Israel, Lebanon.

Local distribution in Egypt: Fayoum: Etsa, Fayoum City. Lower Nile Valley & Delta: Banha, Cairo, EI-Mansoura, El-Qanatir, Maadi, Marsafa. Western Desert: EI-Bustan (Beheira).

Dates of collection in Egypt: March to November.