Review of recent taxonomic changes to the emerald moths (Lepidoptera: Geometridae: Geometrinae).

BACKGROUND: The subfamily Geometrinae (Lepidoptera: Geometridae), commonly known as emerald moths, is an ecologically diverse group of moths with over 2,500 described species. Many taxonomic and phylogenetic studies of Geometrinae have been undertaken in the past decade, resulting in hundreds of new taxonomic changes since online publication of the most recent checklist in December 2007. NEW INFORMATION: This review synthesises the last 12 years of alpha-taxonomic research in Geometrinae. A comprehensive list of Geometrinae genus- and species-group descriptions, synonymies, combinations and other taxonomic changes, made since 2007, is provided. Since 2007, the known species richness of Geometrinae has increased from 2,529 to 2,642 species; an updated list of all these species is presented in a supplementary spreadsheet. David Plotkin, Akito Y. Kawahara.

Introduction

The family is an incredibly diverse lineage of moths that contains over 23,000 described species, making it the second-most speciose family in all of (Scoble and Hausmann 2007, van Nieukerken et al. 2011). Although the subfamily only comprises roughly one-tenth of this species richness, it is one of the more recognisable geometrid subfamilies because of the green colouration found in most adults and some larvae. are consequently known as ‘emerald moths’ and have been the subjects of studies on phenotypic plasticity and polyphenism (Greene 1989, Canfield et al. 2008). Many authoritative taxonomic works on have been published over the years, but with many new species being described annually, it does not take long for an update to become necessary.

Parsons et al. (1999) published a two-volume catalogue of the geometrid moths of the world, which is currently the most recently printed work that contains a comprehensive checklist of the global emerald moth fauna. However, between 1999 and 2007, one of this checklist’s co-authors, Malcolm Scoble, worked with Axel Hausmann to update the checklist; these revisions are hosted on the Barcode of Life website. At the time of the most recent update (December 2007), the online checklist contained 269 genera and 2,529 species of . Since then, hundreds of taxonomic changes have been made in this subfamily, including over 100 new species. In this review, we catalogue the last 12 years of emerald moth taxonomy and update the list of geometrines provided by Scoble and Hausmann (2007) to include all newly-described emerald moth species.

Materials and methods

Updates and changes to the online checklist of are presented in alphabetical order by genus, following the format used by Scoble and Hausmann (2007). Since their checklist was last updated in December 2007, the taxonomic literature published between January 2008 and December 2019, inclusive, was consulted. It was also found that some taxonomic works (e.g. Beljaev 2007) were published prior to December 2007, but were not incorporated into the update; these are consequently included in this review.

Within each genus section, valid species names are listed in alphabetical order, with junior synonyms placed on an indented line following the corresponding senior synonym. Only genus- and species-group taxonomic changes in are discussed here; a review of recent family-group taxonomic changes can be found in Ban et al. (2018) and Murillo-Ramos et al. (2019), both of whom have also proposed new taxonomic changes to the geometrine tribes and subtribes, based on molecular phylogenetic data. Scoble and Hausmann (2007) did not include subspecies in their checklist, but post-2007 taxonomic changes to subspecies are discussed in this review.

The type of taxonomic change is indicated in parentheses. In this catalogue, the word 'new' and the abbreviation 'nov.' (novus, -a, -um) both denote that a taxonomic change was recent enough to not appear in the checklist of Scoble and Hausmann (2007). In this review, no taxonomic changes are proposed for the first time; this is further emphasised by the use of quotation marks surrounding each record of taxonomic change in the Results. Citations for recent taxonomic changes are provided in corresponding Remarks sections for each genus. The vast majority of taxonomic changes discussed here were proposed based solely on morphological evidence, such as variation in colour patterns, wing venation and genitalic characters of the adults. If molecular evidence were used to justify a taxonomic change, this is noted in the corresponding Remarks section.

If the status of a subspecies has been changed or a new synonymy has been proposed, the name of the associated valid species name is provided for context. Otherwise, species that have not undergone any taxonomic changes since the publication of Scoble and Hausmann (2007) are not included in the main text; a full list of all current species names is provided in the supplementary material. Similarly, synonyms that are not directly associated with a recent taxonomic change are excluded from the text.

Multiple Latin abbreviations for standard taxonomic terms are used throughout the text. Since the abbreviations themselves are not standardised across all taxonomic literature and do not appear at all in Scoble and Hausmann (2007), the notation used by Kitching et al. (2018) for a recent checklist of bombycoid moths was applied here in both the main text and supplementary material. These abbreviations and their definitions, are as follows:

“comb. nov.” – new combination

“comb. rev.” – revived combination

“gen. nov.” – new genus

“nom. nov.” – new replacement name

“nom. nud.” – nomen nudum (without description, thus unavailable)

“sp. nov.” – new species

“ssp. nov.” – new subspecies

“stat. nov.” – new status

“stat. rev.” – revived status

“syn. nov.” – new synonym

“syn. rev.” – revived synonym

Data resources

The list of taxonomic changes made in since publication of Scoble and Hausmann (2007) and the updated list of emerald moth species of the world are provided as tables (Excel format) in Suppl. material 1.

Checklists

List of genera and species associated with recent taxonomic changes

Hampson, 1896

299EF5A0-BD51-546F-99E0-802C91EA1ADC

Prout, 1925

Prout, 1916

Notes

The AfroMoths database (De Prins and De Prins 2019) states, without a citation, that was transferred to the genus Hausmann, 1996 and that was transferred to Prout, 1916. After searching the literature, these names were found on other online species lists, but there did not appear to be any formal publications that proposed these new combinations. Thus, and are currently considered the valid names for these species.

Guenée, [1858]

77C41F2B-6DDF-5CB0-98B4-E155DB33EA4B

Goyal, Kirti & Saxena, 2018 ("sp. nov.")

The name and locality of appeared in Kirti et al. (2012), but this new species was not formally described until it appeared in Goyal et al. (2018).

Holloway, 1996

B10F57EE-5614-51E3-916B-0750ACF3A7C5

Tautel & Barrion-Dupo, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

(Prout, 1917) (“comb. nov.”)

One new species was described (Tautel and Barrion-Dupo 2017). was transferred from Meyrick, 1888 by Tautel and Barrion-Dupo (2017).

Matsumura, 1925 (“stat. rev.”)

3830F8B2-D432-5631-B602-75E0E57D3A42

Inoue, 1946 (“syn. nov.”)

(Thierry-Mieg, 1916) (“comb. nov.”)

Matsumura, 1925 (“syn. nov.”)

Beljaev, 2007 (“ssp. nov.”)

One new subspecies was described (Beljaev 2007).

was previously a junior synonym of Stephens, but was re-instated by Beljaev (2007). In the same revision, Beljaev (2007) subsequently designated a junior synonym of As a result of this synonymy, was transferred to , creating the new combination . Beljaev (2007) then synonymised this species with , the type species of .

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2012 (“gen. nov.”)

C54EDD5E-CB5A-5F51-9575-D5E3B0DD1C8C

(Druce, 1892) (“comb. nov.”)

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

(Prout, 1912) (“comb. nov.”)

One new species was described in this new genus (Viidalepp and Lindt 2012). and were transferred from Warren, 1895 by Viidalepp and Lindt (2012). currently contains three species, with designated as the type species.

Prout, 1912

F9BDDDDF-7B4F-5050-9DF7-DE51779BE45B

Karisch & Hoppe, 2010 (“sp. nov.”)

Karisch, 2010 (“sp. nov.”)

Karisch & Hoppe, 2010 (“sp. nov.”)

Prout, 1930 (“stat. nov.”)

(Warren, 1902)

Three new species were described (Karisch 2010). Although Henri Hoppe is credited with co-authorship of the new species and in Karisch (2010), he is not credited as an author of the publication.

The subspecies was elevated to the species by Karisch (2010).

Expósito, 1979

893DA29D-F9BF-541D-9A6C-DDC7BE3BDE2C

(Bang-Haas, 1996)

Hausmann, 1995 (“syn. nov.”, followed by “stat. rev.”)

Leraut (2009) changed the status of from a subspecies to a junior synonym of . Müller et al. (2019) later revived as a valid subspecies.

Stephens, 1831

9CF0591E-8492-50C5-91C5-D863DBBD43D9

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

(Walker, 1863) (“syn. nov.”, followed by “stat. rev.”)

(Linnaeaus, 1758)

One new species was described (Tautel 2016). Leraut (2009) synonymised with and Müller et al. (2019) subsequently revived its status as a valid species.

Holloway, 1996

31A7DDCD-6C4E-5772-A26B-8CA41D66DAAF

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

One new species was described (Tautel 2016).

Warren, 1896

AA16DB10-4163-5DC0-BC5D-6E4F26B9FAAA

Warren, 1896 (“syn. nov.”)

(Warren, 1896) (“comb. nov.”)

(Prout, 1916) (“comb. nov.”)

(West, 1930) (“comb. nov.”)

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

(Warren, 1896) (“comb. nov.”)

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Two new species were described (Han et al. 2012, Tautel 2016). was designated a junior synonym of by Han et al. (2012), who consequently formed new combinations for four species formerly in .

Warren, 1894

EB5AEAF1-C436-5EA5-8172-D2A3E98F5277

(Prout, 1916)

(Oberthür, 1916) (“syn. nov.”)

The status of was changed from subspecies to junior synonym of by Han and Xue (2011a).

Butler, 1889

1793074D-B595-5AF3-9745-E66731F73377

Butler, 1889

Oberthür, 1916 (“stat. nov.”)

was originally described as a variation of by Oberthür (1916). Parsons et al. (1999) instead treated as a junior synonym of , so the name was absent from the checklist of Scoble and Hausmann (2007); however, prior to the publication of the checklist, was designated a distinct species of by Han et al. (2006).

Hübner, [1823]

DFDDA539-4486-55E6-92B5-BE2B4274B0CA

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

Leraut, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

(Leech, 1897)

(Warren, 1897) (“syn. nov.”)

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

Butler, 1880

(Oberthür, 1916) (“syn. nov.”)

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann & Parisi, 2014 (“sp. nov.”)

Nine new species were described (Han et al. 2012, Hausmann et al. 2014).

Müller et al. (2019) noted that may be identical to Wehrli, 1926, but tentatively accepted it as a distinct species. was synonymised with by Han and Xue (2011a). had its status changed from subspecies to junior synonym of by Han et al. (2012).

Meyrick, 1888

8D8DC79F-0D7A-525B-9DE7-FF3ED61ABDBA

(Oberthür, 1916) (“comb. nov.”)

Tautel, 2015 (“sp. nov.”)

Tautel & Barrion-Dupo, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Tautel & Barrion-Dupo, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Three new species were described (Tautel 2015, Tautel and Barrion-Dupo 2017). was transferred from Warren, 1893 by Han and Xue (2009).

Meyrick, 1888

E9D7EDCA-D804-52FB-865E-F31C462128CB

Õunap & Viidalepp, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

One new species was described (Õunap and Viidalepp 2009).

Moore, 1888

2D7F92BF-5C96-56F6-B57E-3B29AB0D28D5

Bastelberger, 1911

Prout, 1927 (“stat. rev.”)

was elevated from subspecies to species by Pitkin et al. (2007).

Prout, 1912

8C8C8446-529E-5089-AC96-6874A2DBEB7F

(Xue, 1992) (“comb. nov.”)

(Moore, 1888)(“comb. rev.”)

(Xue, 1992) (“comb. nov.”)

(Wehrli, 1933) (“comb. nov.”)

(Poujade, 1895) (“comb. rev.”)

(Wehrli, 1933) (“comb. nov.”)

(Oberthür, 1913) (“comb. rev.”)

(Yazaki, 1992) (“comb. nov.”)

(Yazaki, 1992) (“comb. nov.”)

(Moore, 1868) (“comb. rev.”)

(Warren, 1893) (“comb. rev.”)

The 11 species and subspecies listed here were formally transferred from the genus Guenée, [1858] to by Pitkin et al. (2007).

Warren, 1907

D51FF1E8-38D5-590A-8089-9AD4A147BA09

Lindt, Lennuk & Viidalepp, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Lennuk & Viidalepp, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Two new species were described (Lindt et al. 2017a).

Hübner, [1819]

155808DB-13A3-59B9-81E5-78B59BE26E6F

Inoue, 2007 (“ssp. nov.”)

One new species was described (Inoue 2007).

Han & Stüning, 2007 (“gen. nov.”)

CBC0752C-7CB1-574E-B934-20BAD011D9F9

Han & Stüning, 2007 (“sp. nov.”)

is currently a monotypic genus containing only the type species, ; both the genus and the species were described by Han et al. (2007).

Meyrick, 1888

2E229E94-55BF-570E-9008-E4B9E7876E9F

Han & Xue, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Expósito & Han, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Two new species were described (Han et al. 2009a).

Swinhoe, 1893

D3F8A63B-077B-51A5-9956-985002CFDF6D

Xue & Wang, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Xue & Wang, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Two new species were described (Xue et al. 2009).

Warren, 1894

783E4343-F800-588F-B51C-A5704DFCD722

(Prout, 1933) (“stat. nov.”)

(Walker, 1861)

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Han & Zhang, 2019 (“sp. nov.”)

(Chu, 1981) (“comb. nov.”)

Two new species were described (Tautel 2016, Zhang et al. 2019). Han and Xue (2011a) elevated (Prout, 1933) from subspecies to species and transferred Chu, 1981 to . was already considered a junior synonym of (Parsons et al. 1999), but Han and Xue (2011a) were the first to formally publish the new combination .

Linnaeus, 1758

973CBEA8-F5B6-5FA6-8E95-910C359EAD44

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

One new species was described (Han et al. 2009b).

Prout, 1912

5C4211BE-ABB7-55FC-9F10-A36074437F07

(Warren, 1888)

Wiltshire, 1980 (“stat. nov.”)

Wiltshire, 1980 was elevated from subspecies to species by Hausmann (2009).

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2014 (“gen. nov.”)

3C5E68CB-85C5-519A-B31E-C21D13C33821

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2014 (“sp. nov.”)

is currently a monotypic genus containing only the type species, ; both the genus and the species were described by Viidalepp and Lindt (2014).

Warren, 1893

F2412824-074D-5751-B1BB-9345D1FF44E6

Han & Xue, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Han & Xue, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Han & Xue, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Warren, 1897 (“comb. rev.”)

Chang & Wu, 2013 (“sp. nov.”)

Han & Xue, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Wu, 2019 (“sp. nov.”)

(Swinhoe, 1892) (“comb. rev.”)

Han & Xue, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Chang & Wu, 2013 (“sp. nov.”)

Han & Xue, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Chang & Wu, 2013 (“sp. nov.”)

Han & Xue, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Eleven new species were described (Han and Xue 2009, Chang and Wu 2013, Wu 2019). The species and were transferred to Swinhoe, 1893 by Parsons et al. (1999). Pitkin et al. (2007) implied this was an editorial error and, citing a complete absence of diagnostic characters, transferred both species back to .

Duponchel, 1829

2A8D74AB-0726-52B5-BA88-A1508DF3CC5E

(Hübner, 1789)

(Hedemann, 1879) (“stat. nov.”, followed by “syn. rev.”)

was a junior synonym of until Leraut (2009) elevated it to subspecies. Müller et al. (2019) found the justification for this taxonomic change to be too vague and, consequently, revived its status as a synonym of .

Swinhoe, 1893

D9460764-45AA-57E9-98D7-1ACEBC8FA45A

Kirti, Goyal & Kaur, 2012 (nom. nud.)

(Prout, 1916)

(Prout, 1934) (“stat. rev.”)

The name and locality of were published in Kirti et al. (2012), but its description and diagnosis can only be found in the first author’s unpublished thesis. This species name is thus considered a nomen nudum.

(Prout, 1934) was elevated from subspecies to species by Pitkin et al. (2007).

Prout, 1912

68E712F1-8BA7-5CB4-BFE5-D7173EF3E278

Hausmann & Sommerer, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

One new species was described (Hausmann et al. 2009).

Hübner, [1823]

AF1E1F69-36A4-587F-9F53-2298F123D086

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

(Chu, 1981) (“comb. nov.”)

Wehrli, 1923 (“stat. nov.”)

Inoue, 1961 (“syn. nov.”)

(Linnaeus, 1758)

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Six new species were described (Tautel 2016).

Han and Xue (2011a) created the new combination , stating that this species was transferred from the genus Warren, 1893; however, had been designated a junior synonym of Moore, [1887] by Holloway (1996). Despite this synonymy, the combination (Chu, 1981) does not appear to have ever been published between 1996 and 2011.

Beljaev (2007) elevated Wehrli, 1923 from subspecies to species and subsequently synonymised it with .

Hausmann, 1995

5E3BE2C5-B3A0-5AE1-ADB2-57CDC3144125

Thierry-Mieg, 1893

Hausmann, 1995 (“syn. nov.”, followed by “stat. rev.”)

Expósito, 2006 (“syn. nov.”)

was designated a junior synonym of by Leraut (2009). In the same publication, Leraut (2009) claimed that was a “synonym or subspecies” of Thierry-Mieg, 1893. Müller et al. (2019) treated this claim as a formal synonymy of and and, subsequently, provided molecular and morphological evidence to justify elevating it back to species. remains a junior synonym of .

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2012 (“gen. nov.”)

161A4BBD-6804-51B6-93BC-00BFEDBA4B32

(Warren, 1909) (“comb. nov.”)

(Prout, 1931) (“comb. nov.”)

The genus currently contains two species, both of which were transferred from Warren, 1895 by Viidalepp and Lindt (2012), with designated as the type species.

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“gen. nov.”)

15BDF026-E5B7-524B-AEEB-91C24C41144E

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

(Warren, 1899) (“comb. nov.”)

Warren, 1899 was transferred to by Han and Xue (2011a) and then designated as the type species of the new genus by Han et al. (2012).

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2012 (“gen. nov.”)

077F3EC9-8A2D-5FEE-9898-F4102DA55192

(Warren, 1906) (“comb. nov.”)

(Dognin, 1912) (“comb. nov.”)

The recently described genus currently contains two species, both of which were transferred from by Viidalepp and Lindt (2012), with designated as the type species.

Warren, 1900

F1DB66A7-E0A0-51F3-83B0-69F72E5CAD7D

Lindt & Viidalepp, 2014 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt & Viidalepp, 2014 (“sp. nov.”)

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2019 (“sp. nov.”)

(Prout, 1912) (“comb. nov.”)

(Prout, 1917) (“comb. nov.”)

Three new species were described (Lindt and Viidalepp 2014, Viidalepp and Lindt 2019a). One of those species, , was described in Lindt et al. (2014) with the specific epithet spelled ‘hinoyosae’, the first time it appears in both the English and Spanish versions of the abstract. However, it is spelled ‘’ the first time it appears in the main text. The etymological remarks provided in Lindt et al. (2014) confirm that ‘’ is the intended spelling (cf. § 24.2; 32.2.1.; 32.5 Code ICZN).

and were transferred from by Viidalepp and Lindt (2012).

Prout, 1912

0EADF3D8-3F8D-55FF-879D-5BDD6E10B7C9

(Inoue, 1988) (“comb. nov.”)

(Moore, 1868) (“comb. rev.”)

(Prout, 1926) (“comb. nov.”)

(Chu, 1981) (“comb. nov.”)

(Wileman, 1912) (“comb. rev.”)

Sommerer, Stüning & Tautel, 2015 (“sp. nov.”)

(Moore, 1868) (“comb. rev.”)

One new species was described (Sommerer et al. 2015). Pitkin et al. (2007) transferred six species to : five from the genus (, , , , ) and one from the genus Herrich-Schäffer, 1854 ().

Butler, 1881 (“stat. rev.”)

FF7B47F1-DFD7-5903-A101-67B790385CF7

(Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2009) (“sp. nov.”)

(Oberthür, 1916) (“comb. nov.”)

(Swinhoe, 1893) (“comb. nov.”)

(Oberthür, 1916) (“comb. nov.”)

(Butler, 1880) (“comb. rev.”)

(Chu, 1982) (“comb. nov.”)

One new species was described (Han et al. 2009b). was treated as a junior synonym of in Parsons et al. (1999) and Scoble and Hausmann (2007). Han et al. (2009b)retained this classification in their revision of , which divided the genus into two species groups. The type species of , at the time named (Butler), served as the eponymous taxon of the smaragdus species group. The molecular phylogeny of Ban et al. (2018) demonstrated that the smaragdus group is a strongly-supported clade that also contains one species from a different genus ( Swinhoe). Ban et al. (2018) consequently re-instated the generic status of and transferred the species in the smaragdus group, including , to this genus.

Moore, [1887]

91CBABDF-028B-5C2C-B99F-96F87A694805

(Prout, 1935) (“comb. nov.”)

(Walker, 1861)

(Inoue, 1989) (“syn. nov.”)

Tautel, 2015 (“sp. nov.”)

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

(Chu, 1981) (“comb. nov.”)

Two new species were described (Tautel 2015, Tautel 2016). was transferred from by Han and Xue (2009) and was transferred from by Han and Xue (2011a). Han and Xue (2011a) also synonymised with .

Yazaki, 1992

26B7D94E-D38B-5B4D-8D16-CD7270FED1BF

Han & Stüning, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

One new species was described (Jiang et al. 2016).

Warren, 1893

0BA906A5-C421-5608-AE53-B576A58BABD4

Hausmann, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

(Prout, 1912) (“comb. nov.”)

(Hübner, 1813)

(Bubacek, 1926) (“syn. nov.”, followed by “stat. rev.”)

One new species was described (Hausmann 2009).

After synonymising and , Beljaev (2007) transferred (Prout, 1913) to .

Leraut (2009) synonymised with (Hübner, 1813). Müller et al. (2019) cited molecular and morphological evidence to justify elevating back to subspecies.

Hübner, 1818

17BD7106-FE9B-5A21-8D22-9C864392EF35

“

“

Koçak & Kemal, 2008 (“nom. nov.”)

Cassino, 1927

The molecular phylogeny of Murillo-Ramos et al. (2019) indicates that the current concept of Hübner is polyphyletic and that (Dognin) and (Dognin) do not belong in , though there is insufficient evidence to describe new genera or create new combinations for these two species. Brehm et al. (2019) consequently suggested that their generic names are listed in quotation marks, pending further taxonomic study.

In her revision of Neotropical , Pitkin (1993) transferred Warren, 1909 to the genus . This new combination, (Warren, 1909) consequently became a senior homonym of the Texan species Cassino, 1927. This homonymy went unnoticed for over a decade, until Koçak and Kemal (2008) designated a replacement name for the junior homonym.

Han & Skou, 2019 (“gen. nov.”)

5406FEB8-A06F-5FAC-B5AB-8D71C8F4B9A6

Han & Skou, 2019 (“sp. nov.”)

is currently a monotypic genus containing only the type species, ; both the genus and the species were described by Han et al. (2019).

Inoue, 1944

B7A6CCD0-ADFE-5048-9EDE-28725116C25B

(Warren, 1897)

Herbulot, 1994 (“syn. nov.”)

was synonymised with by Han and Xue (2011a).

Staudinger, 1898

4BFE5813-C386-5353-B8D6-628A27A548D3

Hausmann, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

One new species was described (Hausmann and Hebert 2009).

Swinhoe, 1892

E6A920AC-D4DD-556A-915A-D262FC9476C2

Kirti, Goyal & Kaur, 2012 (nom. nud.)

The name and locality of this species were formally published in Kirti et al. (2012), but its description and diagnosis can only be found in the first author’s unpublished thesis. This species name is thus considered a nomen nudum.

Warren, 1897

2A00E10E-950B-5BCB-AE2B-76C03B6F75D7

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“nom. nov.”)

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt & Viidalepp, 2015 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“sp. nov.”)

Dognin, 1911 (“stat. nov.”)

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“ssp. nov.”)

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“sp. nov.”)

Lévêque & Viidalepp, 2015 (“sp. nov.”)

Warren, 1900 (“stat. nov.”)

Lindt, Hausmann & Viidalepp, 2018 (“ssp. nov.”)

Eleven species and two subspecies were described (Lévêque and Viidalepp 2015, Lindt and Viidalepp 2015, Lindt et al. 2018). Lindt et al. (2018) designated as a replacement name for (Schaus, 1912), which had previously been erroneously synonymised with (Warren, 1909) by Cook and Scoble (1995). The replacement name was necessary because (Schaus, 1912) is a junior secondary homonym of Warren, 1897. Lindt et al. (2018) also raised from synonymy with Guenée, [1858] and raised from synonymy with (Schaus, 1897).

Warren, 1894

D7F00D60-3B82-5822-B539-45D4CE04A831

Tautel, 2015 (“sp. nov.”)

One new species was described (Tautel 2015).

Holloway, 1996

FC69FB22-34AE-53F4-B1A6-6EF1EDBE4FA4

(Moore, [1887])

Hampson, 1895

Kirti, Goyal & Kaur, 2012

Kirti et al. (2012) published the name as a new combination for . However, had already been synonymised with Moore by Hampson (1896), which was then transferred to by Holloway (1996). Thus, the current valid name for this species is still .

Guenée, [1858]

02FB8F9B-6AA6-55CC-91E8-16663A5DED85

Han & Xue, 2008 (“sp. nov.”)

Han & Xue, 2008 (“sp. nov.”)

Two new species were described (Han and Xue 2008).

Warren, 1894

FB500918-2293-5552-9223-0C94EA9CD198

Tautel, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

(Walker, 1861)

Chu, 1981 (“syn. nov.”)

One new species was described (Tautel 2016). was synonymised with by Han and Xue (2011a).

Warren, 1897

FF04FAD8-1439-5E54-8D70-DF049656AE5A

Lindt, Tasane, Õunap & Viidalepp, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Tasane, Õunap & Viidalepp, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Tasane, Õunap & Viidalepp, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Tasane, Õunap & Viidalepp, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt, Tasane, Õunap & Viidalepp, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Five new species were described (Lindt et al. 2017b).

Holloway, 1996

67CE21E4-8201-5BCA-97FC-F20482D03AC4

Han & Xue, 2011 (“sp. nov.”)

Viidalepp, Han & Lindt, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

Han & Xue, 2011 (“sp. nov.”)

Han & Xue, 2011 (“sp. nov.”)

Han & Xue, 2011 (“sp. nov.”)

Five new species were described (Han and Xue 2011b, Viidalepp et al. 2012).

Warren, 1897

337CD292-D817-5E68-9287-8B40CC377A16

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“ssp. nov.”)

Hausmann & Wildfeuer, 2017 (“ssp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“ssp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

(Herbulot, 1986) (“comb. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

(Thunberg, 1784)

Warren, 1897 (“syn. nov.”)

Herbulot, 1993 (“stat. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Townsend, 1952 (“comb. rev.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“ssp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann & Wildfeuer, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“ssp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“sp. nov.”)

Hausmann, Sciarretta & Parisi, 2016 (“ssp. nov.”)

Twenty new species and six new subspecies were described (Hausmann et al. 2016, Hausmann and Wildfeuer 2017). Hausmann et al. (2016) transferred Herbulot, 1986 and (Townsend, 1952) to the genus . They also synonymised with and changed the status of Herbulot, 1993 from a species to a subspecies of .

Holloway, 1996

CFDFDB2F-508D-5D3D-B548-0E1EFFC0706F

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

Han, Galsworthy & Xue, 2012 (“sp. nov.”)

(Yazaki, 1991) (“comb. nov.”)

Two new species were described (Han et al. 2012). was transferred from the genus by Han and Xue (2011a).

Han, 2009 (“gen. nov.”)

4DC4C94E-94BF-5F8E-8D1D-B9E8F100263C

(Swinhoe, 1893) (“comb. nov.”)

is currently a monotypic genus containing only the type species, , which was transferred from the genus . The new genus description and new combination were presented in Xue et al. (2009), though only the third author (Han) is credited with authorship.

Warren, 1894

119C2CF0-1DE0-559B-9323-23DAB825698B

(Moore, 1888) (“comb. nov.”)

was transferred from the genus by Pitkin et al. (2007).

Warren, 1895

349190BC-3B3C-5E9F-9124-1B73A2BB301D

Viidalepp, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Viidalepp, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Viidalepp, 2009 (“sp. nov.”)

Three new species were described (Viidalepp 2009).

West, 1930

EBEC8DAF-08AF-5631-B81A-6D69D42A6000

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2010 (“sp. nov.”)

One new species was described (Viidalepp and Lindt 2010).

Walker, 1860

CC00412B-937B-59EE-A03D-60417CD5D7BE

Warren, 1898 (“syn. nov.”)

Turner, 1936 (“syn. nov.”)

(Lower, 1893) (“comb. nov.”)

(Goldfinch, 1929) (“comb. nov.”)

(Turner, 1936)(“comb. nov.”)

Pitkin et al. (2007) designated and as junior synonyms of and consequently transferred (Lower, 1893), Goldfinch, 1929 and Turner, 1936 to this genus.

Butler, 1881

D2C21DFB-4AB7-5212-962E-A5F4C0B1F727

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2017 (“sp. nov.”)

Two new species were described (Viidalepp and Lindt 2017).

Butler, 1879

C61601D3-1139-529B-98A9-7008914E9C2C

Orhant, 2014 (“sp. nov.”)

Tautel, 2014 (“sp. nov.”)

Tautel, 2014 (“sp. nov.”)

Three new species were described (Orhant 2014, Tautel 2014).

Warren, 1900

BC719B1C-FD28-5550-AE1E-1070F2AF50DD

Lindt & Viidalepp, 2014 (“sp. nov.”)

Lindt & Viidalepp, 2014 (“sp. nov.”)

Two new species were described (Lindt and Viidalepp 2014).

Hübner, [1823]

1DD62E31-8E9E-5D9C-902F-54B709D18EC9

Ferguson, 1969 (“syn. nov.”)

(Guenée, 1858) (“comb. nov.”)

sensu Ferguson was a monotypic genus, containing only the type species . Ban et al. (2018) provided morphological and molecular evidence to justify the designation of as a junior synonym of , creating the new combination .

Boisduval, 1840

21C772E9-3A1A-570A-BDFB-50480AB83FEB

(Hedemann, 1879)

(Chu, 1981) (“comb. nov.”, followed by “syn. nov.”)

The name (Chu, 1981) was first published in Han and Xue (2011a); it was not designated a new combination, but since Hübner, [1823] was already known to be a synonym of (Parsons et al. 1999), Han and Xue (2011a) were presumably transferring Chu, 1981 to This was confirmed by Han et al. (2012), who subsequently synonymised with .

Inoue, 1944

97240A09-A473-5F9E-9F46-293795562BD8

Stüning & Yazaki, 2008 (“sp. nov.”)

Stüning & Yazaki, 2008 (“sp. nov.”)

Stüning & Yazaki, 2008 (“sp. nov.”)

Orhant, 2013 (“sp. nov.”)

Four new species were described (Stüning and Yazaki 2008, Orhant 2013).

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2019 (“gen. nov.”)

B63E05DB-3604-557D-BAB1-C480C1CF4F08

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2019 (“sp. nov.”)

Viidalepp & Lindt, 2019 (“sp. nov.”)

Two new species were described (Viidalepp and Lindt 2019b).

Warren, 1893

0AF7B21C-0814-5F7F-9644-4BD5258B2B2B

Yang, 1978 (“syn. nov.”)

Warren, 1893

Yang, 1978 (“syn. nov.”)

Han et al. (2008) synonymised with . Since was the type species of its genus, was consequently designated a junior synonym of .

Other species affiliated with

Inoue, 1994

71E2CC97-856D-5829-B86F-147CC8FD6D34

Inoue, 1994, was classified as a geometrine in Scoble and Hausmann (2007) but was recently transferred to the new family by Rajaei et al. (2015).

(Lower, 1905)

0CF84C6D-3590-5713-9D32-CAF2CC432888

One species in the Scoble and Hausmann (2007) checklist, (Lower, 1905), is classified as a geometrine (Ollerenshaw 2012), but has never formally been transferred from the notodontid genus Schrank, 1802. We agree that this species should eventually be assigned to a genus in , but it is technically not in at this time.

Discussion

In summation, nine new genera, 128 new species and ten new subspecies of emerald moths have been described since the publication of Scoble and Hausmann (2007), along with over 80 new genus- and species-group changes within subfamily . Since 2007, the known species richness of has increased by ~4.5%, from 2,529 species (Scoble and Hausmann 2007) to 2,643 species.

List of the species of the world

Taxonomical checklist

This table provides a list of all new species descriptions, combinations and other taxonomic changes in the subfamily (: ) since 2007 (Sheet 1: "Taxonomic changes since 2007"). This table also provides a list of the 2,643 current valid species names in the subfamily (: ), with their authorship and year of description (Sheet 2: "All current species").

File: oo_400377.xls