Structural Study of the Compounds Formed in the Reactions of FeCl3·6H2O with Ni(OH)2 in the Presence of Dithiolenes HSRSH (R = C6H2Cl2 or C6H4).

In our attempts to prepare coordination polymers by reaction of FeCl3·6H2O and Ni(OH)2 in the presence of dithiolenes HSC6H2X2SH (X = Cl or H), several ion pairs of compounds containing the anionic entity [Ni(SC6H2X2S)2]- were obtained instead. It was also found that other species without dithiolene ligands were formed in these reactions, giving rise to different ion pairs and a tetrametallic cluster. The careful isolation of the different types of crystalline solids allowed the characterization of all of the resulting compounds by single crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD). In order to establish the amount of nickel and iron present in the crystals, complementary total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analyses were performed. The eight different structural types that were obtained are described and compared with related ones found in the literature.

1. Introduction

The chemistry of transition metals with n class="Chemical">dithiolene derivatives is a research field of high interest due to the outstanding physical properties that these compounds can show, as well as their wide structural diversity [1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15]. The dithiolenes are known as “non-innocent” ligands since they can form complexes with metals in different oxidation states giving rise to a rich redox chemistry of both the ligand and the metal center [16], leading to the formation of neutral, monoanionic and dianionic dithiolene derivatives [17]. We have previously studied the influence of several parameters, such as the nature of the dithiolene ligands, the size of the counter cations, the influence of crystallization conditions, as well as the type of iron precursor used, in the synthesis of a series of coordination polymers (CPs) containing the dianionic entities [Fe2(SC6H2X2S)4]2− (X = Cl or H) and [M2(µ-L)n]2+ (M = alkali metal) as counter-cations [18,19]. More recently, we also described the syntheses of some ion-pair molecules instead of CPs, when divalent cations such as Ca(II), Ba(II), and Zn(II) were used [20].

Taking into account these results, we now evaluated whn class="Chemical">ether the Ni(II) cation, that shows high ability to coordinate to sulfur atoms, could act as a linker between the anionic entities [Fe2(SC6H2X2S)4]2− (X = Cl or H) in order to prepare CPs. Herein, we report on the syntheses and crystal structures of the new compounds [Ni(DMF)6][Ni(SC6H2Cl2S)2]2·2DMF (1), [Ni(DMF)6][Fe2(µ-O)Cl6] (2), [Ni2(µ-Cl)3(THF)6][FeCl4] (3), [Ni2(µ-Cl)3(THF)6][Ni(SC6H2Cl2S)2] (4), [Ni(DMF)6][Ni(SC6H4S)2]2·2DMF (5), [Ni(DMF)5Cl][Ni(SC6H4S)2] (6) and [Fe2.6Ni1.4(µ-Cl)8(THF)6] (7) formed in the reactions between FeCl3·6H2O with Ni(OH)2 in the presence of dithiolenes HSRSH (R = C6H2Cl2 or C6H4). It has to be noticed that models obtained from single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) data of some heterobimetallic structures cannot properly differentiate between iron and nickel atoms, two metal centers with very similar electron densities. Then, a total reflection X-ray fluorescence (TXRF) analysis on the measured single crystals was successfully applied to calculate the element content and to refine the occupation of the metal positions [21].

2. Results and Discussion

Previously, we have observed that the method used for the syntheses of CPs with [n class="Chemical">Fe2(SC6H2Cl2S)4]2− and different alkali metals [20] failed in our attempts to prepare CPs with the same dianionic entity and divalent metals such as Ca(II), Ba(II) and Zn(II) as counter-cations.

Taking into account these results, we decided to evaluate the role of n class="Chemical">Ni2+ in the reaction with FeCl3·6H2O and HSC6H2Cl2SH, using Ni(OH)2 as a deprotonating agent (Scheme 1). Thus, after stirring a mixture of FeCl3·6H2O, HSC6H2Cl2SH and Ni(OH)2 for 24 h at room temperature, the precipitate obtained was crystallized in DMF/Diethyl ether (1:4) giving rise to green crystals of [Ni(DMF)6][Ni(SC6H2Cl2S)2]2·2DMF (1) together with yellow crystals of [Ni(DMF)6][Fe2(µ-O)Cl6] (2A), as major and minor compounds of the reaction, respectively. Furthermore, after removing in vacuum the solvent of the initial filtrate and dissolving the solid residue in THF/n-heptane, a mixture of crystals of compounds [Ni2(µ-Cl)3(THF)6][FeCl4] (3) and [Ni2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6][Ni(SC6H2Cl2S)2] (4) were obtained in trace amounts.

Scheme 1

Schematic representation of the reactions carried out to isolate compounds 1–7.

On the other hand, it is well known that the nature of the dithiolene ligands can afn class="Chemical">fect the formation of different metal-dithiolene derivatives. Taking into account this fact, we considered it interesting to carry out a similar reaction as described above using HSC6H4SH instead in order to compare the behavior of both dithiolenes. Thus, the solid compound obtained after stirring the mixture of FeCl3·6H2O, HSC6H4SH and Ni(OH)2 for 24 h, was crystallized in DMF/Diethyl ether, yielding [Ni(DMF)6][Ni(SC6H4S)2]2·2DMF (5) as the main reaction product, together with trace amounts of compounds [Ni(DMF)5Cl][Ni(SC6H4S)2]2 (6) and [Ni(DMF)6][Fe2(µ-O)Cl6] (2B) (Scheme 1). Additionally, the residue obtained after removing the solvent of the filtrate in the reaction was recrystallized from a THF/n-heptane mixture, yielding a few yellow crystals of [Fe2.6Ni1.4(µ-Cl)8(THF)6] (7).

All of the different n class="Chemical">compounds were isolated and analyzed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD), and their crystal structures were solved. The existence of both Ni and Fe atoms in the reaction media represented a problem for the structural determination, as both metals showed similar electron densities, making it very difficult to assign the occupation of the metal centers in the electron density maps solely based on the data obtained by SCRXD. To overcome this problem, TXRF analysis (Supplementary Materials section S2) was performed on the selected and measured single crystals, in order to state the chemical nature of the metals present in the crystalline solids (Table S27).

As depicted in Figure 1, the resulting compounds 1 and 4-6 n class="Chemical">contained the anionic entity [Ni(SC6H2X2S)]− (X = Cl, H) in their structure, where Ni adopts the commonly found square planar coordination environment NiS4 with Ni-S (2.136(2)–2.1570(9) Å) distances and angles (Tables S17 and S18 in the Supplementary Materials) similar to those found in other related compounds [22,23,24]. In these four structures, the negative charge is balanced with cationic species derived from the coordination of the solvent molecules to another nickel atom.

Figure 1

Ionic species per formula unit found in the dithiolene derivatives: a, [Ni(DMF)6][Ni(SC6H2Cl2S)2]2 1; b, [Ni2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6][Ni(SC6H2Cl2S)2] 4; c, [Ni(DMF)6][Ni(SC6H4S)2]2 5; and d, [Ni(DMF)5Cl][Ni(SC6H4S)2] 6. Green octahedra and square planar geometries represent Ni coordination environments. Oxygen atoms are depicted in red, sulfur ones in yellow, nitrogen in blue, chlorine in light green, and carbon in grey. Solvent molecules and hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity.

Compound 1 (Figure 1a) crystallizes as green prisms in the P21/n space group with half a n class="Chemical">[Ni(DMF)6]2+ cation, one [Ni(SC6H2Cl2S)2]− anion, and one DMF molecule in the asymmetric unit, yielding a general formula [Ni(DMF)6][Ni(SC6H2Cl2S)2]2·2DMF. Compound 5 (Figure 1c) obtained in the reaction with HSC6H4SH instead of the chlorinated one, presented an analogous formula {[Ni(DMF)6][Ni(SC6H4S)2]2·2 DMF}. It crystallized as small green plates in the P21/c space group, also with half a [Ni(DMF)6]2+ cation, one [Ni(SC6H2Cl2S)2]− anion, and one DMF molecule in the asymmetric unit. In both cases, the nickel atom in the cationic moiety is coordinated to six oxygen atoms from six DMF ligands in an octahedral NiO6 geometry, while in the anionic species, Ni2+ is coordinated to four sulfur atoms from two dithiolene ligands, as explained above. Both Ni-O (2.035(3)-2.065(4) Å) [25,26,27] distances and angles (Tables S17 and S18) are similar to those found in other related compounds. The TXRF measurements for compounds 1 and 5 confirm that only nickel atoms are present in both metal positions (Tables S20 and S24).

Compound 4, with formula [n class="Chemical">Ni2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6][Ni(SC6H2Cl2S)2] (Figure 1b), crystallized as green prisms in the P-1 space group with a [Ni2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6]+ cation, and two halves of the mentioned [Ni(SC6H2Cl2S)2]− anionic molecules. In the cationic moiety, the Ni atom is coordinated to three oxygen atoms from the THF molecules and three bridge chlorine atoms, and the two NiO3Cl3 octahedra are sharing the triangular Cl-Cl-Cl face. This cation has been found in the literature in compounds [Ni2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6][SnCl(THF)6] [28], and [Ni2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6][NMe4][NiSn4C5H12Cl8O] [29], and the observed Ni-Ni (2.9849(5) Å), Ni-O (2.059(2)-2.115(2) Å) and Ni-Cl (2.4002(9)-2.4299(9) Å) distances and angles in 4 (Tables S17 and S18) agree with the reported values. The TXRF analysis (Table S23) for compound 4 shows a small content of iron (approximately 12%) apparently due to the deposition on the surface of the crystals of some iron-containing compounds, present in the reaction media, as amorphous or nanocrystalline solids.

Compound 6 (Figure 1d) crystallized as green prisms in the P-1 space group with a n class="Chemical">[Ni (DMF)5Cl]+ cation and two halves of the common [Ni(SC6H2S)2]− anionic molecules, for a sum formula [Ni(DMF)5Cl][Ni(SC6H4S)2]. The [Ni(SC6H2S)2]− anion presents the expected square planar NiS4 geometry, while the nickel atom in the cation is surrounded by five oxygen atoms from five DMF molecules (Ni-O distances in the range 2.065(2)–2.107(2) Å, see Table S17) plus a chlorine atom (Ni-Cl distance of 2.3723(8) Å, Table S17) in a distorted octahedral NiO5Cl environment, similar to the one described in the bibliography for this moiety in [Ni(DMF)5Cl][Ni(Se2C2(CN)2)2] [30].

Additionally, compounds 2A, 2B, and 3 (Figure 2a–c) were also obtained and isolated in the reactions described in the experimental section (Section 3.1.1 and Section 3.1.2). These three n class="Chemical">compounds contained nickel cationic moieties that were already present in compounds 1 and 5 ([Ni(DMF)6]2+) and 4 ([Ni2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6]+), together with some iron anions derived from the FeCl3·6H2O reactant.

Figure 2

Molecular species per formula unit in the compounds containing both Fe and Ni metals: a, [Ni(DMF)6][Fe2(µ-O)Cl6] 2A; b, [Ni(DMF)6][Fe2(µ-O)Cl6] 2B; c, [Ni2(µ-Cl)3(THF)6][FeCl4] 3; d, tetrametallic compound [M4(µ-Cl)8(THF)6] 7; hydrogen atoms have been omitted for clarity. Green octahedra represent Ni coordination environments; orange tetrahedra, Fe environments; and purple octahedra the shared Fe/Ni ones; oxygen atoms are depicted in red, nitrogen in blue, chlorine in light green and carbon in grey.

Compound 2A, with formula [n class="Disease">Ni(DMF)6][Fe2(µ-O)Cl6] (Figure 2a), crystallized as yellow prisms and was found to be isostructural with a previously reported manganese-iron compound with formula [Mn(DMF)6][Fe2(µ-O)Cl6] [31], which had been isolated in a reaction to obtain heterometallic complexes using FeCl3·6H2O as reactant. It includes the cationic entity [Ni(DMF)6]2+ (found in compounds 1 and 5) and the anionic dimer [Fe2(µ-O)(Cl)6]2−. This anion is composed of two fused FeCl3O tetrahedra sharing the central oxygen vertex. The Fe-Cl and Fe-O distances are 2.231(9) Å and 1.7663(9) Å, respectively, in the range expected for this species. The Fe-O-Fe angle has a value of 180°, and the two iron tetrahedra adopt a staggered conformation as a consequence of the O and Fe locations at positions with -3 and 3 symmetry, respectively. The formation of the [Fe2(µ-O)(Cl)6]2− anion in this reaction may be the result of the partial hydrolysis of either FeCl3 or [FeCl4]− by oxygen from water [32]. TXRF measurements in compound 2A (Table S21) confirmed the presence in the crystal of both nickel and iron atoms in a 1:2 ratio. Compound 2B (Figure 2b) was found to be a new structural type, a polymorph of compound 2A, with a slightly different geometry for the [Fe2(µ-O)(Cl)6]2− anion. Fe-Cl (2.222(1)-2.219(2) Å) and Fe-O (1.753(3) Å) distances are slightly shorter than the ones found in 2A. In this case, the Fe-O-Fe angle in the anion is 154.2(2)°, closer to the most frequent values found in the literature for this molecule [33,34], and resulting in a different and less dense supramolecular arrangement (Figure S4).

Compound [n class="Chemical">Ni2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6][FeCl4] 3 (Figure 2c) appeared as yellow prismatic polyhedra and crystallized in the monoclinic P21/c space group. A structural search in the Cambridge Structural Database found that 3 is isostructural with reported compounds [Mg2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6][FeCl4] [35] and [V2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6][FeCl4] [36]. In the dinuclear cation [Ni2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6]+, analogous to the one found in compound 4, each Ni atom is coordinated to three THF molecules (Ni-O distances from 2.070(4) to 2.104(4) Å) and three bridging chloride ligands (Ni-Cl 1.395(2)–1.439(2) Å), yielding distorted NiO3Cl3 octahedra, and the two polyhedra share the Cl-Cl-Cl face. Regarding the [FeCl4]− anion, the usual tetrahedral geometry was observed around the iron atom (Fe-Cl 1.156(2)–1.184(2) Å) as a consequence of the coordination of four chloride ligands to this metal. The TXRF measurements carried out on the crystal of 3 (Table S22) confirmed the presence in the molecule of nickel and iron atoms in the expected 2:1 ratio.

Compound 7 (Figure 2d) crystallized in the triclinic P-1 space group and was isostructural with the n class="Chemical">iron [Fe4(µ-Cl)8(THF)6] [37,38] and the cobalt [Co4(µ-Cl)8(THF)6] [39] derivatives. As described in the previous reports [37,38,39], it consists of a tetrametallic cluster of edge-sharing polyhedra related to the inorganic CdI2 structure, with two metal positions in the asymmetric unit (MA and MB). The MA location displays a MACl4O trigonal bipyramidal environment (MA-Cl between 2.252(1) and 2.7018(8) Å and MA-O 2.130 (2) Å) while the MB site displays an MBCl4O2 octahedral geometry with the two oxygen atoms in a cis disposition (MB-Cl between 2.4375(8) and 2.4814(8) Å) and MB-O 2.087(2), 2.115(2) Å). As the TXRF measurements carried out on the crystal of compound 7 (Figure S9) confirmed the presence in the structure of Ni:Fe atoms in a 0.35:0.65 ratio, the model was refined with a 100% occupation of position MA by iron atoms (with label Fe1) and the MB position shared by iron and nickel atoms in a 70% Ni:30% Fe ratio (with atoms labeled Ni1/Fe2). This assignation was based on the fact that compounds with Fe atoms displaying both metal environments were found in the literature; however, for Ni atoms, no structures with MACl4O trigonal bipyramidal geometry were reported, but two structures displaying analogous MCl4O2 octahedral geometry (with two cis oxygen atoms) could be found [40,41].

3. Materials and Methods

All the reagents and solvents are commercially available and were used as received without further purification. Syntheses of all n class="Chemical">compounds were carried out under argon atmosphere at room temperature.

Elemental analysis measurements were conducted with a LEn class="Chemical">CO CHNS-932 (Model NO: 601-800-500) microelemental analyser (LECO, St. Joseph, Mich., USA). TXRF (Total reflection X-Ray Fluorescence) analysis of the samples was performed with a benchtop S2 PicoFox TXRF spectrometer (Bruker Nano, Berlin, Germany), equipped with a molybdenum X-ray source working at 50 kV, 600 µA and 500 s and an XFlash SDD detector (effective area of 30 mm2) and an energy resolution better than 150 eV for Mn Kα. The Spectra 7 software package, also from Bruker, was used for control, acquisition, deconvolution, and integration of all analyzed samples.

Single-crystal X-ray diffraction (SCXRD) measurements were collected in a Bruker Kappa Apex II diffractometer using graphite-monochromated Mo Kα radiation (λ = 0.71073 Å) Single crystals of each of the n class="Chemical">compounds were isolated and covered with a layer of an inert mineral oil, mounted on a MiTeGen micromount with the aid of a microscope (MiTeGen, Ithaca, NY), and immediately placed in the low temperature nitrogen stream at 200 K from an Oxford Cryostream (Oxford Cryosystems, Oxford, United Kingdom) 700 unit. A summary of selected crystal and refinement data can be found in Table 1 and Table 2 and more comprehensive information is collected in the Supplementary Material (Tables S1–S16). Representations of the labelled asymmetric units for each one of the crystal structures are collected in Figures S1 (. Metal environment parameters are listed in Tables S17 (distances) and S18 (angles), and the existent weak C-H···S, C-H···O, and C-H···Cl supramolecular interactions are gathered in Table S19. CCDC 1834782 (1), 1989776 (2A), 1989767 (2B), 1989768 (3), 1989769 (4), 1989770 (5), 1989771 (6), and 1989772 (7) contain the crystallographic data for the crystal structures. Structural data can be obtained free of charge from the Cambridge Crystallographic Data Centre via www.ccdc.cam.ac.uk/data_request/cif.

Table 1

Crystal and refinement data for compounds 1, 2A, 2B, and 3.

	1	2A	2B	3
Formula	C48H64Cl8N8Ni3O8S8	C9H21Cl3FeN3Ni0.50O3.50	C18H42Cl6Fe2N6NiO7	C12H4Cl4FeNiS4
Space group	P21/n	R-3	P-1	P21/c
a/Å	8.730(8)	14.193(2)	9.1594(3)	12.999(1)
b/Å	17.144(6)	14.193(2)	9.3113(3)	12.1054(8)
c/Å	23.789(8)	15.147(3)	22.1594(8)	23.509(2)
α/°	90	90	82.911(2)	90
β/°	101.06(4)	90	80.829(2)	90.899
ɣ/°	90	120	87.782(2)	90
V/Å3	3500(4)	2642.4(9)	1851.1(1)	3698.7(5)
Z	2	6	2	4
d calc/g·cm−3	1.515	1.579	1.503	1.534
μ/mm−1	1.394	1.839	1.750	1.933
R indices (I > 2σ(I))	R1 = 0.0687wR2 = 0.1325	R1 = 0.0362wR2 = 0.0738	R1 = 0.0535wR2 = 0.1222	R1 = 0.0569wR2 = 0.1663
GooF on F2	1.085	1.006	1.059	1.119

Table 2

Crystal and refinement data for compounds 4, 5, 6, and 7.

	4	5	6	7
Formula	C36H52Cl7FeNi2O6S4	C48H72N8Ni3O8S8	C27H43ClN5Ni2O5S4	C24H48Cl8Fe2.6Ni1.4O6
Space group	P-1	P21/c	P-1	P-1
a/Å	9.7565(3)	8.4611(4)	8.718(1)	9.99511(6)
b/Å	14.2853(5)	18.882(1)	12.212(1)	10.4813(5)
c/Å	18.0305(6)	19.522(1)	17.889(2)	10.8907(7)
α/°	96.762(2)	90	101.414(1)	62.650(2)
β/°	90.792(2)	90.197(3)	97.572(4)	67.991(3)
ɣ/°	109.047(2)	90	99.593(5)	82.248(3)
V/Å3	2355.2(1)	3118.9(3)	1813.8(4)	934.4(1)
Z	2	2	2	1
d calc/g·cm−3	1.598	1.407	1.463	1.677
μ/mm−1	1.802	1.217	1.383	2.290
R indices (I > 2σ(I))	R1 = 0.0326wR2 = 0.0834	R1 = 0.0297wR2 = 0.0688	R1 = 0.0312wR2 = 0.0758	R1 = 0.0310wR2 = 0.0772
GooF on F2	1.070	1.086	1.091	1.031

3.1. Synthesis

3.1.1. Reaction of FeCl3·6H2O and Ni(OH)2 in the presence of HSC6H2Cl2SH

A mixture of HSC6H2Cl2SH (162 n class="Chemical">mg, 0.78 mmol) and Ni(OH)2 (93 mg, 1 mmol) in 10 mL of EtOH-H2O (1:1) was stirred at room temperature for 2 h, then a solution of FeCl3·6H2O (102 mg, 0.38 mmol) in 10 mL of EtOH-H2O (1:1) was added. The mixture was stirred for 24 h and then filtered off. The solid obtained in this reaction was crystallized at −20 °C in DMF/diethyl ether (1:4) giving rise to green crystals of [NiII(DMF)6][NiIIISC6H2Cl2S)2]2·2DMF, (1) (52 mg, 34.3% yield) together with yellow crystals of compound [NiII(DMF)6][FeIII2(µ-O)Cl6], (2A) (29 mg, 9% yield). Anal. Calcd. (Found) for C48H64Cl8N8Ni3O8S8 (1): C, 36.16 (36.08); H, 4.05 (4.05); N, 7.03 (6.88); S, 16.09 (15.70). Anal. Calcd. (Found) for C21H49Cl6Fe2N7NiO8 (2A+1DMF): C, 27.69 (28.22); H, 5.42 (5.75); N, 10.77 (9.74).

The residue obtained after removing the solvent was extracted with 5 mL of THF, and further crystallization at room temperature in n class="Chemical">THF/n-heptane (1:1) yielded a mixture of crystals consisting of: yellow prisms [NiII2(µ-Cl)3(THF)6][FeIIICl4], (3), and green ones of [NiII2(µ-Cl3)(THF)6][NiIII(SC6H2Cl2S)2], (4), both in trace amounts.

3.1.2. Reaction of FeCl3·6H2O and Ni(OH)2 in the presence of HSC6H4SH

A similar procedure followed in the reaction described above was carried out, but using n class="Chemical">HSC6H4SH, instead. The residue obtained from the reaction was crystallized at −20 °C in DMF/diethyl ether (1:4) giving rise to green crystals of [NiII(DMF)6][NiIII(SC6H4S)2]2·2DMF (5) as the main product (234 mg, 26% yield), together with some other green and yellow crystals of [NiII(DMF)5Cl][NiIII(SC6H4S)2] (6) and [NiII(DMF)6][FeIII2(µ-O)Cl6] (2B) respectively, as trace amounts.

Anal. Calcd. (Found) for C45H65N7Ni3O7S8 (5 -1 DMF): C, 43.29 (44.12); H, 5.25 (5.23); N, 7.85 (6.74); S, 20.54 (20.67).

Additionally, the residue obtained by removing the solvent in the initial filtrate was crystallized at room temperature in THF/n class="Chemical">n-heptane (1:1), giving rise to few yellow crystals of compound [FeII2.6NiII1.4(µ-Cl)8(THF)6] (7).

Please note that in some cases, the experimental analyses were not fully satisfactory. This is due to the moderate-to-low stability of the coordination n class="Chemical">compounds, showing volatile molecules of solvent weakly coordinated to the metal center. This behavior has been previously reported for related compounds [16,18,19,20].

4. Conclusions

Homo- or hetero-bimetallic ion-pairs were obtained, instead of n class="Chemical">coordination polymers, from the reactions between FeCl3·6H2O, Ni(OH)2, and the dithiolates HSC6H2X2SH (X = Cl or H). The analysis of the products formed in these reactions clearly shows the higher tendency of nickel versus iron to coordinate to sulphur atoms, giving rise to the formation of [Ni2(SC6H2X 2S)4]2− (X = Cl or H) instead of [Fe2(SC6H2X 2S)4]2− (X = Cl or H). Eight different crystalline phases (1, 2A, 2B, 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7) were obtained from these reactions and characterized by SCXRD and other techniques.

TXRF analyses were used for the identification and quantification of the metal atoms present in the solids. This technique was partin class="Chemical">cularly useful, as it could be applied to very small quantities of sample and could be performed on the crystals measured in SCXRD. The analyses of the different types of solids allowed us to better understand the species that are formed, both during the reactions and in the crystallization processes.