Implications of plastome evolution in the true lilies (monocot order Liliales).

The families of the monocot order Liliales exhibit highly contrasting characteristic of photosynthetic and mycoheterotrophic life histories. Although previous phylogenetic and morphological studies of Liliales have been conducted, they have not examined molecular evolution associated with this contrasting phenomenon. Here, we conduct the first comparative plastome study of all ten families of Liliales using 29 newly sequenced plastid genomes analyzed together with previously published data. We also present a phylogenetic analysis for Liliales of 78 plastid genes combined with 22 genes from all three genomes (nuclear 18S rDNA and phyC; 17 plastid genes; and mitochondrial matR, atpA, and cob). Within the newly generated phylogenetic tree of Liliales, we evaluate the ancestral state changes of selected morphological traits in the order. There are no significant differences in plastid genome features among species that show divergent characteristics correlated with family circumscriptions. However, the results clearly differentiate between photosynthetic and mycoheterotrophic taxa of Liliales in terms of genome structure, and gene content and order. The newly sequenced plastid genomes and combined three-genome data revealed Smilacaceae as sister to Liliaceae instead of Philesiaceae and Ripogonaceae. Additionally, we propose a revised familial classification system of Liliales that consists of nine families, considering Ripogonaceae a synonym of Philesiaceae. The ancestral state reconstruction indicated synapomorphies for each family of Liliales, except Liliaceae, Melanthiaceae and Colchicaceae. A taxonomic key for all nine families of Liliales is also provided.