The bronchial tree of the human embryo: an analysis of variations in the bronchial segments.

A classical study has revealed the general growth of the bronchial tree and its variations up to Carnegie stage (CS) 19. In the present study, we extended the morphological analysis CS by CS until the end of the embryonic period (CS23). A total of 48 samples between CS15 and CS23 belonging to the Kyoto Collection were used to acquire imaging data by performing phase-contrast X-ray computed tomography. Three-dimensionally reconstructed bronchial trees revealed the timeline of morphogenesis during the embryonic period. Structures of the trachea and lobar bronchus showed no individual difference during the analyzed stages. The right superior lobar bronchus was formed after the generation of both the right middle lobar bronchus and the left superior lobar bronchus. The speed of formation of the segmental bronchi, sub-segmental bronchi, and further generation seemed to vary among individual samples. The distribution of the end-branch generation among five lobes was significantly different. The median branching generation value in the right middle lobe was significantly low compared with that of the other four lobes, whereas that of the right inferior lobe was significantly larger than that of both the right and left superior lobes. Variations found between CS20 and CS23 were all described in the human adult lung, indicating that variation in the bronchial tree may well arise during the embryonic period and continue throughout life. The data provided may contribute to a better understanding of bronchial tree formation during the human embryonic period.