Climacturia: a comprehensive review assessing pathophysiology, prevalence, impact, and treatment options regarding the "leak of pleasure".

Aim of this review is to summarize and evaluate the current literature on the pathophysiology, prevalence, sociosexual impact, and potential treatment options of climacturia. Climacturia, defined as orgasm-associated urinary incontinence and characterized by great prevalence variability, ranging between 15.7 and 93% was, so far, a relatively neglected post-radical prostatectomy functional side-effect. Recent studies have shown that it can significantly impact the quality of life of couples after prostate cancer treatment. A knowledge gap characterizes the pathophysiologic pathways while treatment is based on empirically chosen treatment options (condom use, presexual intercourse urination) or on therapeutic modalities proposed by low-quality studies (pelvic floor muscle training, penile applied devices). Evidence regarding efficacy of surgical techniques (artificial urinary sphincter, male sling, or dual implantation of penile prosthesis with a sling) for climacturia treatment are limited but with an increasing trend of relevant published data in the last 5 years. The mini-jupette sling plus inflatable penile prosthesis placement is a promising surgical technique that has been studied in a multi-institutional cohort with encouraging results regarding climacturia, erectile dysfunction, and mild-incontinence control. However, future studies with longer follow-up and larger sample sizes are certainly needed to confirm the long-term safety and benefits of this intervention.