Brian T Andrew1,2, David J Doolette1. 1. Navy Experimental Diving Unit, Panama City Beach, Florida, USA. 2. Corresponding author: Dr Brian T Andrew, Navy Experimental Diving Unit, 321 Bullfinch RD, Panama City Beach, Florida, USA, brian.t.andrew@navy.mil.
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: The US Navy air decompression table was promulgated in 2008, and a revised version, calculated with the VVal-79 Thalmann algorithm, was promulgated in 2016. The Swedish Armed Forces conducted a laboratory dive trial using the 2008 air decompression table and 32 dives to 40 metres' seawater for 20 minutes bottom time resulted in two cases of decompression sickness (DCS) and high venous gas emboli (VGE) grades. These results motivated an examination of current US Navy air decompression schedules. METHODS: An air decompression schedule to 132 feet seawater (fsw; 506 kPa) for 20 minutes bottom time with a 9-minute stop at 20 fsw was computed with the VVal-79 Thalmann algorithm. Dives were conducted in 29°C water in the ocean simulation facility at the Navy Experimental Diving Unit. Divers dressed in shorts and t-shirts performed approximately 90 watts cycle ergometer work on the bottom and rested during decompression. VGE were monitored with 2-D echocardiography at 20-minute intervals for two hours post-dive. RESULTS: Ninety-six man-dives were completed, resulting in no cases of DCS. The median (IQR) peak VGE grades were 3 (2-3) at rest and 3 (3-3) with limb flexion. VGE grades remained elevated two hours post-dive with median grades 1 (1-3) at rest and 3 (1-3) with movement. CONCLUSIONS: Testing of a short, deep air decompression schedule computed with the VVal-79 Thalmann algorithm, tested under diving conditions similar to earlier US Navy dive trials, resulted in a low incidence of DCS. Copyright: This article is the copyright of the authors who grant Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine a non-exclusive licence to publish the article in electronic and other forms.
INTRODUCTION: The US Navy air decompression table was promulgated in 2008, and a revised version, calculated with the VVal-79 Thalmann algorithm, was promulgated in 2016. The Swedish Armed Forces conducted a laboratory dive trial using the 2008 air decompression table and 32 dives to 40 metres' seawater for 20 minutes bottom time resulted in two cases of decompression sickness (DCS) and high venous gas emboli (VGE) grades. These results motivated an examination of current US Navy air decompression schedules. METHODS: An air decompression schedule to 132 feet seawater (fsw; 506 kPa) for 20 minutes bottom time with a 9-minute stop at 20 fsw was computed with the VVal-79 Thalmann algorithm. Dives were conducted in 29°C water in the ocean simulation facility at the Navy Experimental Diving Unit. Divers dressed in shorts and t-shirts performed approximately 90 watts cycle ergometer work on the bottom and rested during decompression. VGE were monitored with 2-D echocardiography at 20-minute intervals for two hours post-dive. RESULTS: Ninety-six man-dives were completed, resulting in no cases of DCS. The median (IQR) peak VGE grades were 3 (2-3) at rest and 3 (3-3) with limb flexion. VGE grades remained elevated two hours post-dive with median grades 1 (1-3) at rest and 3 (1-3) with movement. CONCLUSIONS: Testing of a short, deep air decompression schedule computed with the VVal-79 Thalmann algorithm, tested under diving conditions similar to earlier US Navy dive trials, resulted in a low incidence of DCS. Copyright: This article is the copyright of the authors who grant Diving and Hyperbaric Medicine a non-exclusive licence to publish the article in electronic and other forms.
Entities:
Keywords:
Decompression illness; Decompression sickness; Decompression tables; Diving research; Echocardiography; Military diving; Venous gas emboli
Authors: Andreas Møllerløkken; S Lesley Blogg; David J Doolette; Ronald Y Nishi; Neal W Pollock Journal: Diving Hyperb Med Date: 2016-03 Impact factor: 0.887