Decreasing Microtubule Actin Cross-Linking Factor 1 Inhibits Melanoma Metastasis by Decreasing Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition.

BACKGROUND: The microtubule actin cross-linking factor 1 (MACF1) is involved in cellular migration, adhesion, and invasion processes. Its abnormal expression initiates tumor cell proliferation and metastasis in numerous cancer types.
METHODS: In this study, we utilized short hair-pin RNA interference of MACF1 to assess the inhibitory effects on the metastatic potential of B16F10 melanoma cells both in vitro and in vivo a mouse model.
RESULTS: The MACF1 expression was increased in B16F10 cells-induced tumor tissues; while the down-regulation of MACF1 impacted the B16F10 melanoma cell metastatic behavior by decreasing the ability of colony formation and invasion in vitro as well as inhibiting B16F10 cells-induced tumor growth and lung metastasis in vivo. The results of Western blot and immunohistochemistry indicated that the expression of E-cadherin and Smad-7 was significantly increased whereas the expression of N-cadherin and TGF-β1 was significantly decreased in tumor tissue of mice challenged with the B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells when compared with the B16F10 cells challenged mice.
CONCLUSION: The data presented in this study demonstrated that down-regulated MACF1 expression decreased B16F10 melanoma metastasis in mice by inhibiting the epithelial to mesenchymal transition program. Thus, MACF1 may be a novel target for melanoma therapy.

Introduction

Melanoma, the deadliest type of skin cancer, is one of the most invasive and metastatic cancers with an increasing incidence and a very poor prognosis worldwide. Both the outgrowth of primary and metastatic melanoma pose significant and unprecedented clinical challenges.1,2 Although surgical ablation is the most efficient treatment prior to melanoma invasion and the formation of metastases, a significant percentage of patients remains refractory. As a result, the five-year survival of patients is low, and malignant melanoma will become a formidable disease once cancer cells colonize other tissues.3,4 Immunotherapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors (inhibitory monoclonal antibodies against the cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen-4 (CTLA-4) and programmed death 1 (PD-1/PDL1) and targeted therapy (Vemurafenib and nivolumab) acted as a certain efficiency on metastatic melanoma; unfortunately, these immune-based therapies are not fully responsive in some advanced stage melanoma.5,6 In this regard, it is desirable to adopt an efficient therapeutic strategy to overcome the shortage in successful treatment of metastatic melanoma based on immune checkpoint inhibitors and targeted therapy.

Emerging evidence has accumulated describing the molecular function of microtubule actin cross-linking factor 1 (MACF1), belonging to the plakin family of proteins,7,8 which plays an essential role in various cellular processes. MACF1 is also involved in metastatic invasion in which organization of the cytoskeleton is a critical contributing element to tumor progression in various human cancers.9,10 In a recent report, it was shown that MACF1 was predominately present in grade III-IV astrocytomas and grade IV glioblastoma, but not in normal brain tissue and astrocytes or lower grade brain tumors.10 These findings suggested that MACF1 function may not only be related to the regulation of normal cellular physiology, including cytoskeleton organization, but also to cellular pathology, such as tumor progression in numerous cancers.

In the present study, we hypothesized that MACF1 down-regulation might inhibit melanoma metastasis in B16F10 cells-induced melanoma mice by decreasing epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) of B16F10 melanoma cells. Our findings showed that B16F10 cell invasion and colony formation as well as oncogenicity and lung metastasis were markedly decreased both in vitro and in vivo after knocking down MACF1 expression in B16F10 cells. Our data indicated that the expression of E-cadherin and Smad-7 was significantly enhanced whereas the expression of N-cadherin and TGF-β1 was significantly decreased in mice that were challenged with B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cell, thereby indicating inhibition of B16F10 cell EMT in vivo. Our current study demonstrated that MACF1 in melanoma may serve as a potential therapeutic target to enhance the efficacy of treatment of melanoma.

Materials and Methods

Cell Line

The B16F10 murine melanoma cell line is syngeneic in C57BL/6 mice, and was ordered from the Cellular Institute of China (Shanghai, China). Cells were cultured at 37 ºC and 5% CO2 in RPMI 1640 medium that was supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) containing 100 Uml−1 penicillin G sodium and 100 mg mL−1 streptomycin sulfate.

Mice

C57BL/6 mice at six weeks of age and weighing 17–18 g were purchased from the Yangzhou University (Yangzhou, China). Mice were housed under pathogen-free conditions. Experiments were performed in compliance with the guidelines of the Animal Research Ethics Board of Jiangnan University (Jiangnan, China).

Immunoblot Analysis

Samples for immunoblot analysis (1×106 different cells cultured for 48 h) were collected using CytoBuster protein extraction buffer (Novagen, Germany) according to the manufacturer’s guidelines. Immunoblot was performed proteins were separated on 12% SDS-polyacrylamide gel, and were used for Western blot analysis using a WesternBreeze Kit (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Briefly, proteins (10 μg/lane) were transferred onto a Polyvinylidene Fluoride (PVDF) Film, and membranes were blocked with 4% dry milk in Tris-buffered saline with Tween-20 (TBST) for 1 h at 20ºC. Membranes were then incubated overnight at 4 ºC with rabbit anti-mouse/human MACF1 ((A-3): sc-377532, Santa Cruz Biotechnology, USA), rabbit anti-mouse/human E-cadherin (CST, 24E10, 1: 500), Smad7(ab216428,1:500), TGF-β1(Novus,7F6,1:1000), and N-cadherin (CST, D4R1H,1: 500), respectively. Membranes were rinsed 3 times for 5 min with an antibody wash solution and incubated with goat anti-rabbit fluorescence secondary antibody. The immunoreactive bands were visualized by an Odyssey scanning instrument (LI-COR Odyssey Imaging System, USA).11,12

Construction of Vector Containing siRNAs Targeting the MACF1 Encoding Gene

The Small interfering RNA was synthesized by Hanheng Biotechnology Co. Ltd (Shanghai, China). The primer sequences were as follows: siRNA-MACF1# forward, 5′-GGC AGGUGAAGCUAGUGAAdTdT-3′; reverse, 5′-UUCACUAG CUUCACCUGC CdTdT-3′; siRNA-MACF2# forward, 5′-GAGUACAAGUGC AGAGUAAdTdT-3′;reverse,5′-UUACUCUGCACUUGUACUCdTdT-3′; siRNA-MACF3# forward,5′-CGAUCUUGAUGUCAGAUAAdTdT-3′; reverse, 5′-UUAUCUGACAUCA AGAUCGdTdT-3′; siRNA-negative forward, 5′-UUCU CCGAACGUGUCACGUdTd-3′; reverse, 5′-ACGUGACAC GUUCGGAGAA dTdT-3′. Primers were synthesized by Gene and Technology of China (Shanghai, China).6

Cell Proliferation

B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells and B16F10 cells were respectively seeded at a density of 5×103 cells/well into 96-well plates and incubated in a CO2 incubator for 0, 24, 48, and 72 hrs at 37°C. Subsequently, cells were incubated for an additional 4h with 10μL of CCK-8 Cell Proliferation and Cytotoxicity Assay Kit. Absorbance values were determined at a wave length of 450nm by a microplate reader (Bio-Rad, USA).

Colony Formation in Soft Agar Media

The colony formation ability of B16F10 cells transfected with pSUPER-EGFP1-MACF1-shRNA1 or a scrambled control siRNA was investigated. Colony with a diameter of more than 75µm or with more than 50 cells was counted as 1 positive colony based on our previous reports.13,14 One hundred single B16F10 cells were resuspended in 0.8 mL growth media, containing 0.3% low melting temperature agarose (Promega, Madison, WI, USA), and plated in triplicate in a 24-well plate over a base layer of 0.8 mL growth media containing 0.6% low melting temperature agarose. Plates were incubated for 12–14 days until colonies were formed. The clone formation efficiency was calculated as (number of colonies/number of cells inoculated) ×100%.

B16F10 Cell Invasion Assay

The invasion ability of B16F10 cells transfected with MACF1-RNAi or the control scrambled RNAi was evaluated using a transwell invasion assay as previously described.15,16 Briefly, transwell inserts with 8 μm pores were coated with Matrigel (20 μg/well; Becton Dickinson, Waltham, MA, USA). Then, 1×105 single-cell suspension in serum-free RPMI-1640 medium were respectively seeded in the upper chamber in RPMI 1640 medium, supplemented with 10% FBS. After incubation at 37ºC, cells that invaded to the lower surface of the Matrigel-coated membranes were fixed with 70% ethanol and stained with trypan blue. The cells from five randomly selected fields were counted under a light microscope.

In vivo Animal Experiments

Eighteen C57BL/6 mice (females, 5 and 6 weeks, and weighting 16–18g) were randomly divided into three groups (six mice per group): a B16F10 cell group, a B16F10-scrambled-RNAi (B16F10- negative) group, and a B16F10/MACF1-RNAi group. Mice were subcutaneously (s.c.) injected in the back with 2×105 B16F10 cells, 2×105 B16F10-negative cells, and 2×105 B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells, respectively. For the lung metastatic experiment, 18 mice were randomly divided into three groups as mentioned above, and each mouse was intravenously injected with 2×105 B16F10 cells, 2×105 B16F10- negative cells, and 2×105 B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells, respectively. Except for the daily observation of mouse general conditions, such as overall behavior, feeding, body weight, and appearance of fur, tumor formation was monitored every three days, and 2-dimensional measurements of individual tumors were performed from each mouse. In the lung metastatic experiment, mice were euthanized 21 days after injection of cells. Experiments were performed in duplicate.17,18

Lung Metastases Nodes

To evaluate the inhibitory effect on lung tumor metastases, B16F10 cell induced tumor mice were executed and lung tissues were removed. Subsequently, metastatic tumor nodes were counted with a tenfold megaloscope uwing a naked eye.19

Immunohistochemistry

After mice were euthanized, B16F10 cells-forming tumors were removed for immunohistochemical and immunoblot analysis. Immunostaining was performed as reported previously.17,20 Briefly, 4μm-thin formalin fixed and paraffin- embedded tumor sections were incubated overnight at 4°C using rabbit anti-mouse/human E-cadherin, N-cadherin, Smad7, and TGF-β1 antibodies, respectively. Sections were washed with PBS and incubated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-conjugated streptavidin (Invitrogen), and a chromogenic reaction was performed by using a Liquid DAB Substrate Pack according to the manufacturer’s guideline. Stained cells were counted in 10 random and non-overlapping fields at a high magnification of ×400.

Statistical Analysis

Data were presented as the mean plus or minus standard deviation. Comparisons were performed using the Student’s t-test or single factor analysis of variance to test any statistically significant differences in the results between the experimental and control groups. Bonferroni correction was used where multiple comparisons were made. P<0.05 was considered statistically significant.

Results

MACF1 Expression in Melanoma Tissue in Mice

Although abnormal MACF1 expression was found in numerous cancers, its expression in melanoma tissue remains largely unknown. In this study, we first determined the expression of MACF1 in B16F10 melanoma cells-induced tumors in mice. Figure 1A shows that MACF1 expression was significant higher in mouse melanoma tissue compared to that in adjacent non-tumor tissues as analyzed by Western blot analysis (p<0.0005) (Figure 1B). Next, we used the constructed recombinants pSUPER-EGFP1- MACF1-siRNAs (siRNA-MACF1#, siRNA-MACF2#, and siRNA-MACF3#) that targeted the MACF1 encoding gene to transfect the B16F10 cells, respectively. Figure 1C shows that MACF1 expression was significantly decreased in B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells compared with B16F10-negative cells, especially in siMACF2#B16F10 cells (Figure 1D). The data indicated that construct siRNA-MACF2# was appropriate for studying the effects of siRNA-MACF2# (MACF1-RNAi, same below) on the behavior of B16F10 cells both in vitro and in vivo.

Figure 1

Western blot analysis of MACF1 expression in different cells. (A) MACF1 expression in B16F10 cell-induced tumor tissues and adjacent non-tumor tissues in mice. (B) Semi-quantification of MACF1 expression referring to the statistically significant differences as indicated. (C) MACF1 expression in B16F10 cells transfected with siRNA-MACF1#, siRNA-MACF2#, and siRNA-MACF3#, respectively. (D) Semi-quantification of MACF1 expression in various cells.

Effects of Down-Regulating MACF1 on Cellular Proliferation, Colony and Invasion of B16F10 Cells

To investigate the biological properties of B16F10-MACF1- RNAi cells, we first conducted a cellular proliferation and colony forming assays to evaluate the ability of cell growth and amplification. Figure 2A gives the proliferative activities dynamically every 24 h after B16F10/MACF1-RNAi and B16F10 cells had been seeded into 96-wells plate in complete medium. After 72 h of incubation, the OD value of B16F10 cells reached 1.6±0.21, whereas B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells were only 1.1±0.22, which was statistically significant (p<0.0255). Figure 2B shows that B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells significantly decreased the colony forming rate compared with the B16F10 cells. The colony forming numbers were 6.02±0.81 for B16F10 cells and 5.94±1.42 for B16F10-negative cells, whereas for B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells, the colony forming numbers were 3.06±0.36. Moreover, significant differences were observed between B16F10-MACF1-RNAi cells and B16F10 cells (p<0.009), however no significant differences were observed between the B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells and the B16F10-negative cells (Figure 2C).

Figure 2

B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells impact the ability of cellular proliferation, colony forming and invasion as well as EMT-related molecular expression in vitro. (A) The cell proliferative activity dynamically 24 h, 48 h, and 72 h in the different cells. (B) Representative colony formation in the different cells. (C) Statistical analysis of the colony formation rate. (D) Invasive assay showing that the invasive ability of the B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells was significantly decreased compared with that of B16F10 cells and B16F10-negative cells. (E) Statistical analysis of the cell invasive rate. (F) Western blot analysis showing the expression of N-cadherin, E-cadherin, TGF-β, and SMAD-7 in the different cells. (G) Semi-quantification of molecular expression, referring to the statistically significant differences as indicated. The labels of “Bl6F10-negative and Bl6F10/MACF1-RNAi” denote Bl6F10 cells transfected with scrambled shRNA and MACF1-RNAi.

Furthermore, the effect of knocking down MACF1 was evaluated on B16F10 cell invasive ability using a transwell invasive assay. Representative images of the cell invasive result are presented in Figure 2D. The invasive ability of B16F10/ MACF1-RNAi cells indicated a statistically significant decrease when compared to B16F10 cells (Figure 2E, p< 0.0005) after culturing for 48 h. Taken together, these results suggested that down-regulation of MACF1 in B16F10 cells clearly impacted its proliferation and colony formation and invasion abilities.

Effects of Down-Regulating MACF1 on the Expression of B16F10 Cell’s Mesenchymal and Epithelial Biomarkers

To understand the mechanisms of the MACF1 knockdown on decreasing colony formation and invasion, we evaluated the expression of mesenchymal and epithelial biomarkers in B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells. Increasing evidence has suggested that EMT is a process that is associated with many factors, in which N-Cadherin is a mesenchymal biomarker whereas E-Cadherin is an epithelial biomarker. Previous studies have shown that the TGF-β pathway is often involved in EMT. However, regarding metastasis, Smad 7 can inhibit the TGF-β canonical pathway through the inhibition of Smads3/4. Thus, TGF-β and Smad 7 have opposite effects, interact with other proteins, and regulate TGF-β-independent signaling pathway contributing to the carcinogenic process (22–24).21–23 In Figure 2E, Western blot analysis shows that the expression of TGF-β and N-cadherin was significantly decreased (p < 0.0001 and p < 0.0017, respectively), however the expression of E-cadherin and SMAD-7 was markedly increased in B16F10-MACF1-RNAi cells compared to B16F10 cells (p < 0.0033 and p < 0.0009, respectively). However, no significant differences were observed between the B16F10 cells and the B16F10-negative cells (Figure 2F).

MACF1 Down-Regulation in B16F10 Cells Inhibits Tumor Growth and Metastasis in Mouse Model

After evaluating the effects of down-regulated MACF1 expression on B16F10 cell’s colony formation and invasion in vitro, we evaluated if these effects would influence the tumorigenicity and metastatic potential of the B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells in vivo. Figure 3A shows representative images of the tumor sizes and demonstrates that in mice injected with 2×105 B16F10 cells, one mouse developed a visible tumor on Day 18, two mice on Day 21, and one mouse on Day 24, Day 27, and Day 30, respectively. Moreover, in the 2×105 B16F10-negative cell group, one mouse developed a visible tumor on Day 18, and one mouse on Day 21, on Day 24, Day 27, on Day 30, and Day 33, respectively. In contrast, only 2 of the 6 mice injected with 2×105 B16F10- MACF1-RNAi cells developed tumors on Day 27 and Day 30, whereas the remaining 4 mice did not develop any tumors throughout the 42-day observation period. The dynamic state change of tumor growth, tumor weight, and the percentages of tumor-free mice are presented in Figure 3B–D. Figure 3E shows the result of mouse survival and quantity. The data showed that when compared with mice injected with B16F10 cells, tumor growth was significantly reduced both in size and latency time in mice injected with B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells (Figure 3B, ***p<0.0009).

Figure 3

Effects of the down-regulation of MACF1 on tumor-bearing mouse growth and survival. (A) Tumor sizes of tumors that were removed from B16F10 cell-induced tumor mice injected with Bl6F10/MACF1-RNAi, Bl6F10-negative, and Bl6F10 cells, respectively. (B) Changes in the dynamic state of tumor growth. (C) The weight of the mass tumors. (D) Tumor-free mice injected with the three types of cells. (E) Survival of tumor-bearing mice injected with the different cells.

In addition, it was found that a large, visible metastatic foci in the lungs were increased in mice that were intravenously injected with 2×105 B16F10 cells when compared to mice that were injected intravenously with 2×105 B16F10/MACF1- RNAi cells (Figure 4A). The visible metastatic foci were more abundant in B16F10 cells and B16F10- negative cells (Figure 4B) when compared to B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells (Figure 4C), which was a statistical significance as shown in Figure 4D.

Figure 4

Effects of the down-regulation of MACF1 in B16F10 cells on tumor lung metastasis. (A, B, C) Representative images of lung metastasis in mice that were intravenously injected with the different B16F10 cells 30 days after injection. (D) Statistical analysis of lung metastatic tumor node count in Bl6F10/MACF1-RNAi, Bl6F10-negative, and Bl6F10 cell groups, referring to statistically significant differences as indicated by P values.

To evaluate the underlying molecular mechanisms of down-regulating MACF1 gene expression, we detected the expression of TGF-β, N-cadherin, E-cadherin and SMAD-7 in tumor tissues of mice challenged with the different treated B16F10 cells. Figure 5A depicts the expression of TGF-β, N-cadherin, E-cadherin, and SMAD-7 in tumor tissue as analyzed by Western blot analysis. Consistent with the data obtained by Western blot analysis in the different B16F10 cells (Figure 2E), the expression of E-cadherin and SMAD-7 were higher in tumor tissues derived from mice challenged with B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells when compared to tumor tissues in B16F10 cell-challenged mice. However, the expression of TGF-β and N-cadherin were lower when compared to tumor tissues of mice challenged by the B16F10 cells. The difference between the B16F10/MACF1- RNAi cells and the B16F10 cells was statistically significant (Figure 5B).

Figure 5

EMT-related molecular expression detected by Western blot assay. (A) Representative images of bands showing the molecular expression of N-cadherin, E-cadherin, TGF-β, and SMAD-7 in tumor tissues derived from B16F10 cell-induced tumor mice 42 days after mice were challenged with the different B16F10 cells. (B) Semi-quantification of molecular expression, referring to the statistically significant differences as indicated.

The immunohistochemistry results agreed with results of Western blot analysis, and showed that a reduction in TGF-β and N-cadherin expression but an increase in the expression of E-cadherin and SMAD-7 in B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cell driven melanoma tissues was observed (Figure 6A), and the differences were statistically significant (Figure 6B). These results showed that knockdown of MACF1 expression inhibited B16F10 cell tumorigenicity and B16F10 melanoma distant metastasis in mouse lungs, thereby suggesting that B16F10 cell’s EMT was inhibited through a molecular association of the inhibition of TGF-β and N-cadherin and the increase in the E-cadherin and SMAD-7 expression in tumor tissues.

Figure 6

Analysis of EMT associated molecular expression in B16F10 cell-induced tumor tissues. (A) Immunohistochemical analysis showing representative images of expression of N-cadherin, E-cadherin, TGF-β, and SMAD-7 in tumor cells (400×). Brown cells represent N-cadherin, E-cadherin, TGF-β, and SMAD-7 positive cells (pointed to by white arrows), respectively, in tumor tissues. (B) Semi-quantification of molecular expression, referring to the statistically significant differences as indicated. Scale bars: 10 μm.

Discussion

Although most new cases of melanoma are thin (no metastases), a significant percentage of patients still experiences disease progression, and metastases are responsible for the majority patient mortality. Therefore, recent studies have focused on the molecular mechanisms underlying melanoma progression and metastases as well as on novel strategies for early effective therapy, including immune checkpoint inhibitors.24–26 However, how to successfully inhibit melanoma metastases remains a major barrier to be overcome. Recently, increasing evidence has revealed that MACF1 plays an essential role in various cellular processes, and is involved in the control of microtubule dynamics that relates with cell proliferation and migration, thereby suggesting that MACF1 function is an important for cellular motility.7,27,28 In previous studies, it had been shown that MACF1 was expressed in a different tumors,10,29 however its impact on melanoma metastases is unknown. In the present study, we aimed to corroborate the function of MACF1 by using RNA interference to downregulate MACF expression in B16F10 murine melanoma cells and to further evaluate the metastatic potential of B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells both in vitro and in vivo.

After having demonstrated the abnormal expression of MACF1 in B16F10 cells-induced tumors in mice (Figure 1), we investigated the influence of down-regulated MACF1 expression in B16F10 cells on cellular colony formation and invasion, which are an essential potential for malignant tumor invasion and metastasis.14,15 Our data demonstrated that the cellular proliferation and colony formation numbers in the B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells were markedly decreased. In addition, the invasion ability was notablely reduced in contrast with B16F10 cells (Figure 2), which suggested that down-regulation of MACF1 expression attenuated the B16F10 cell’s clonogenic ability and metastatic potential in vitro.

The previous studies suggested that the colony formation in vitro associated positively with the in vivo stage of cancer progress.30–32 Therefore, any decrease in the tumor cellular colony formation ability in vitro may lead to reduced tumorigenesis in the in vivo mouse model.14 To this end, we further evaluated the impact of MACF1 down-regulation on the tumorigenesis of B16F10 cells in mice. As predicted, we found that the latest tumor formation, the smallest tumor sizes, and the longest survival of mice were observed in B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells-challenged mice when compared to B16F10 or B16F10-negative cells- challenged mice, which demonstrated the notable inhibition of B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cell’s tumorigenesis. Moreover, a visible metastatic focus in the lungs was significantly reduced in mice that were intravenously injected with B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells when compared with control mice (Figure 5).

To fully understand the antimetastatic molecular mechanisms, we tested the EMT-related molecular expression, including a mesenchymal biomarker and an epithelial biomarker in B16F10 cells-induced tumor tissues. Western blot analysis from in vivo animal experiments were consistent with in vitro cellular experiments, indicating an increase in expression of E-cadherin and SMAD-7 and a decrease in expression of TGF-β and N-cadherin in tumor tissues in the mice challenged with B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells when compared to mice challenged with B16F10 cells or B16F10-negative cells. Furthermore, these results were supported by immunohistochemical analysis, which were based on tumor sections in which high expression of E-cadherin (epithelial cell phenotype) and SMAD-7, and low expression of N-cadherin (mesenchymal cell phenotype) and TGF-β were demonstrated, respectively (Figure 6).

It is known that malignant melanoma possesses epithelial-like characteristics through interactions between cancer cells and their microenvironment to develop phenotype switching in spite of melanoma originated from non-epithelial cells,33–35 and that the loss of E-cadherin function or expression is implicated in cancer progression and metastasis, and Vimentin is often used as a marker for mesenchymally-derived cells or cells undergoing the EMT during both normal development and tumor metastatic progression.13,21 Therefore, reduced expression of E-cadherin or Smad-7 function resulted in melanoma progression and metastasis,36 whereas an increase in N-cadherin and TGF-β expression was closely related with B16F10 melanoma cell’s EMT. This may be because the TGF-β1 signal by membrane-bound heteromeric serine- threonine kinase receptor complexes leads to the phosphorylation of proteins of the Smad family. Phosphorylated Smad2/Smad3 accumulates in the nucleus and could serve as a transcription factor.37,38 We hypothesized that the increase in E-cadherin and reduction in N-cadherin expression in B16F10 cells-induced tumor tissue may lead to an increase in Smad-7 expression. However, a reduction in TGF-β1 expression reduced phosphorylation of Smad2 and Smad3, which resulted in inhibition of B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cell’s EMT.

Our findings were in line with the data presented in a recent report that showed that inhibition of MACF1 expression selectively suppressed glioblastoma cell proliferation and migration in cell lines established from patient derived xenograft mouse models.10 Therefore, recent studies including ours have provided evidence to confirm that MACF1 plays a role in the EMT process in metastatic cancers.

Although the above-mentioned findings are promising, a limitations of the present study is that molecular linkages that cause MACF1 to impact the changes in expression of E-cadherin and N-cadherin are unknown, and that the analysis of matrix metalloproteinase-9 expression level is lacked, which plays important roles in the progression of various types of tumors.39 In addition, the lack of E-cad and N-cad knockdown is another limitation in the present study. Further studies that focus on the mechanism of inhibiting the EMT program mediated by down-regulating MACF1 in B16F10 cells remains to be investigated.

In conclusion, our data showed that B16F10/MACF1-RNAi cells decreased its colony formation, invasion, metastasis, and tumorigenicity via inhibiting the EMT program. Our findings supports the hypothesis that an enhancing melanoma therapeutic efficacy may be acquired by inhibiting MACF1 expression, a therapeutic target for melanoma treatment.