Certain, but incorrect: on the relation between subjective certainty and accuracy in sound localisation.

When asked to identify the position of a sound, listeners can report its perceived location as well as their subjective certainty about this spatial judgement. Yet, research to date focused primarily on measures of perceived location (e.g., accuracy and precision of pointing responses), neglecting instead the phenomenological experience of subjective spatial certainty. The present study aimed to investigate: (1) changes in subjective certainty about sound position induced by listening with one ear plugged (simulated monaural listening), compared to typical binaural listening and (2) the relation between subjective certainty about sound position and localisation accuracy. In two experiments (N = 20 each), participants localised single sounds delivered from one of 60 speakers hidden from view in front space. In each trial, they also provided a subjective rating of their spatial certainty about sound position. No feedback on response was provided. Overall, participants were mostly accurate and certain about sound position in binaural listening, whereas their accuracy and subjective certainty decreased in monaural listening. Interestingly, accuracy and certainty dissociated within single trials during monaural listening: in some trials participants were certain but incorrect, in others they were uncertain but correct. Furthermore, unlike accuracy, subjective certainty rapidly increased as a function of time during the monaural listening block. Finally, subjective certainty changed as a function of perceived location of the sound source. These novel findings reveal that listeners quickly update their subjective confidence on sound position, when they experience an altered listening condition, even in the absence of feedback. Furthermore, they document a dissociation between accuracy and subjective certainty when mapping auditory input to space.