Intraoperative Correction of Liver Deformation Using Sparse Surface and Vascular Features via Linearized Iterative Boundary Reconstruction.

During image guided liver surgery, soft tissue deformation can cause considerable error when attempting to achieve accurate localization of the surgical anatomy through image-to-physical registration. In this paper, a linearized iterative boundary reconstruction technique is proposed to account for these deformations. The approach leverages a superposed formulation of boundary conditions to rapidly and accurately estimate the deformation applied to a preoperative model of the organ given sparse intraoperative data of surface and subsurface features. With this method, tracked intraoperative ultrasound (iUS) is investigated as a potential data source for augmenting registration accuracy beyond the capacity of conventional organ surface registration. In an expansive simulated dataset, features including vessel contours, vessel centerlines, and the posterior liver surface are extracted from iUS planes. Registration accuracy is compared across increasing data density to establish how iUS can be best employed to improve target registration error (TRE). From a baseline average TRE of 11.4 ± 2.2 mm using sparse surface data only, incorporating additional sparse features from three iUS planes improved average TRE to 6.4 ± 1.0 mm. Furthermore, increasing the sparse coverage to 16 tracked iUS planes improved average TRE to 3.9 ± 0.7 mm, exceeding the accuracy of registration based on complete surface data available with more cumbersome intraoperative CT without contrast. Additionally, the approach was applied to three clinical cases where on average error improved 67% over rigid registration and 56% over deformable surface registration when incorporating additional features from one independent tracked iUS plane.