Efficient RNA-Based Reprogramming of Disease-Associated Primary Human Fibroblasts into Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells.

Reprogramming a patient's somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) holds great promise for disease modeling and the development of autologous cellular therapeutics. However, it remains challenging to consistently reprogram primary human cells, as they are frequently aged, diseased, or in low abundance. Here we present a modified highly efficient and clinically relevant RNA-based method for reprogramming disease-associated and other difficult-to-reprogram human primary fibroblast lines into iPSCs. We also describe optimizations that can be employed for consistent reprogramming of these difficult-to-reprogram cells. With the provided protocol, integration-free iPSC lines can be successfully generated from a small number of primary human fibroblasts in approximately 5-7 weeks.