| Literature DB >> 31875072 |
Claudio Sollaci1, Gabriel Costa Serrão de Araújo1,2.
Abstract
Objective Enchondromas are the commonest tumors of the bones of the hand. Treatment approaches vary. The present article presents the characteristics of the tumors, diagnostic methods, and treatments. Methods We discuss the approach used in our institution, where we have treated 48 patients with enchondromas of the hand between 1996 and 2016. Our technique of treatment, which has remained the same over 2 decades, comprises the use of curettage, high-speed burr, and autologous bone graft (harvested with a minimally invasive technique, using a Craig biopsy needle). Results Pain and fractures were the most common symptoms leading the patients to consultation, at frequencies of 33.3% and 31.3%, respectively. A total of 27.1% of the cases were asymptomatic, and their lesions were discovered incidentally. The mean age was 34.4 years (SD = 12.9 years). Tumors were more frequently presented in the ulnar side of the hand, in the fifth ray (41.5%) and in the proximal bones (in the proximal phalanges [43.8%], and in the metacarpal [33.3%]). The size of the tumors ranged from 0.2 cm 2 to 5.7 cm 2 , with a mean of 1.7 cm 2 (standard deviation [SD] = 1.0 cm 2 ) and were not associated with fracture ( p = 0.291). Fracture was also not associated with any of the symptoms, neither with the age of the patients ( p = 0.964). After the treatment, most patients achieved full range of motion (91.7%), with good integration of the bone graft. Three patients presented deficit in range of motion (6.3%) and the incidence of complications was also 6.3% (3 patients). At the end, after the needed surgical revisions, these three patients also recovered full function. They achieved full bone graft integration, regained full range of motion and returned to work. There was no tumor recurrence case during the follow-up period evaluated. For all cases, no donor site complications occurred. Conclusion Our method of treatment has consistently provided good outcomes, with only a few minor complications. Therapeutic level of evidence: IV.Entities:
Keywords: benign neoplasms; bone transplantation; enchondroma; hand
Year: 2019 PMID: 31875072 PMCID: PMC6923649 DOI: 10.1055/s-0039-1697970
Source DB: PubMed Journal: Rev Bras Ortop (Sao Paulo) ISSN: 0102-3616
Fig. 1The Craig needle set used to harvest bone graft, and the harvested bone cylinders.
Fig. 2Pre- and postoperative roentgenograms of the index finger. The picture on the left shows a tumor (enchondroma) in the proximal phalanx of the index finger, and the picture on the right shows the appearance after tumor resection and cavity filling with cylinders of cancellous bone graft.
Main Statistics of Quantitative Variables Distributions
| Statistic | Age (years old) | Follow-up period (months) | SIze of the tumor (cm 2 ) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Minimum | 10.0 | 0.3 | 0.2 |
| Maximum | 70.0 | 132.0 | 5.7 |
| Mean | 34.4 | 20.4 | 1.7 |
| Median | 34.5 | 12.5 | 1.6 |
| Standard Deviation | 12.9 | 24.7 | 1.0 |
| Coefficient of Variation | 0.38 | 1.21 | 0.59 |
Distribution of Frequencies to Qualitative Variables
| Qualitative Variable | Frequency | |
|---|---|---|
| Symptoms | ||
| Pain | 16 | 33.3% |
| Fracture | 15 | 31.3% |
| Swelling | 6 | 12.5% |
| Deformity | 1 | 2.1% |
| Multiple enchondromatosis | 1 | 2.1% |
| None, discovered incidentally | 13 | 27.1% |
|
| ||
| First ray | 1 | 2.1% |
| Second ray | 6 | 12.5% |
| Third ray | 8 | 16.7% |
| Fourth ray | 13 | 27.1% |
| Fifth ray | 20 | 41.7% |
|
| ||
| Distal Phalanx | 3 | 6.3% |
| Middle Phalanx | 8 | 16.7% |
| Proximal Phalanx | 21 | 43.8% |
| Metacarpal | 16 | 33.3% |
|
| ||
| Whole (full) | 44 | 91.7% |
| Deficit 30° PIP | 1 | 2.1% |
| Deficit 30° MCP | 1 | 2.1% |
| Deficit 90° MCP | 1 | 2.1% |
| Post-surgery complications | ||
| Fracture | 1 | 2.1% |
| Surgery's revisión | 2 | 4.2% |
Abbreviations: PIP, proximal interphalangeal joint; MCP, metacarpophalangeal joint.
Fig. 3Distribution of frequencies of enchondromas in each bone of the hand.
Fig. 1O conjunto de agulhas Craig usado para coletar enxerto ósseo e os cilindros de osso colhidos.
Fig. 2Radiografias pré- e pós-operatórias do dedo indicador. A figura à esquerda mostra um tumor (encondroma) na falange proximal do dedo indicador, e a figura à direita mostra a aparência após ressecção do tumor e preenchimento da cavidade com cilindros de enxerto ósseo esponjoso.
Principais estatísticas de distribuição das variáveis quantitativas
| Estatística | Idade (anos) | Período de acompanhamento (meses) | Tamanho do tumor (cm 2 ) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Mínimo | 10,0 | 0,3 | 0,2 |
| Máximo | 70,0 | 132,0 | 5,7 |
| Média | 34,4 | 20,4 | 1,7 |
| Mediana | 34,5 | 12,5 | 1,6 |
| Desvio Padrão | 12,9 | 24,7 | 1,0 |
| Coeficiente de Variação | 0,38 | 1,21 | 0,59 |
Distribuição de Frequências para Variáveis Qualitativas
| Variável Qualitativa | Frequência | |
|---|---|---|
| Sintomas | ||
| Dor | 16 | 33,3% |
| Fratura | 15 | 31,3% |
| Inchaço (edema) | 6 | 12,5% |
| Deformidade | 1 | 2,1% |
| Encondromatose múltipla | 1 | 2,1% |
| Nenhum, descoberto incidentalmente | 13 | 27,1% |
|
| ||
| Primeiro raio | 1 | 2,1% |
| Segundo raio | 6 | 12,5% |
| Terceiro raio | 8 | 16,7% |
| Quarto raio | 13 | 27,1% |
| Quinto raio | 20 | 41,7% |
|
| ||
| Falange Distal | 3 | 6,3% |
| Falange Média | 8 | 16,7% |
| Falange Proximal | 21 | 43,8% |
| Metacarpo | 16 | 33,3% |
|
| ||
| Total (completo) | 44 | 91,7% |
| Déficit 30° IFP | 1 | 2,1% |
| Déficit 30° MCF | 1 | 2,1% |
| Déficit 90° MCF | 1 | 2,1% |
|
| ||
| Fratura | 1 | 2,1% |
| Revisão da cirurgia | 2 | 4,2% |
Abbreviations: IFP, articulação interfalangeana proximal; MCF, articulação metacarpofalangeana.
Fig. 3Distribuição da frequência de encondromas em cada osso da mão.